3D Mol Similar

Propane

: Iupac Name：propane; CAS No.: 74-98-6; Molecular Weight：44.09562; Modify Date.: 2022-11-10 15:17; Introduction: Propane is colourless and odourless, with a mercaptan odour. Like all fossil fuels, propaneis a non-renewable energy source. Propane is a gas derived from natural gasand petroleum. It is found mixed with natural gas and petroleum deposits. Propane iscalled a ‘fossil fuel’ because it was formed millions of years ago from the remains of tinysea animals and plants. Propane is a clean-burning, versatile fuel. It is used by nearlyeveryone, in homes, on farms, by business, and in industry mostly for producing heat andoperating equipment. Propane is one of the many fossil fuels included in the liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG) family. Because propane is the type of LPG most commonly used inthe United States, propane and LPG are often used synonymously. Butane is another LPGoften used in lighters. View more+

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1. Names and Identifiers

: 1.1 Name; Propane; 1.2 Synonyms; A-108 C3H8 dimethylmethane EINECS 200-827-9 Freon 290 HC290 Lpg MFCD00009359 Popane Propagas Propan PROPANE, NATURAL PROPANECOMBUSTION propyldihydride propylhydride r290; View all

1.3 CAS No.: 74-98-6

1.4 CID: 6334

1.5 EINECS(EC#): 200-827-9

1.6 Molecular Formula: C3H8 (isomer)

1.7 Inchi: InChI=1S/C3H8/c1-3-2/h3H2,1-2H3

1.8 InChIkey: ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

1.9 Canonical Smiles: CCC

1.10 Isomers Smiles: CCC

2. Properties

2.1 Density: 1.55 g/mL at 25 oC(lit.)

2.1 Melting point: -188oC

2.1 Boiling point: -42.1oC

2.1 Refractive index: Index of refraction: 1.2898 @ 20 °C

2.1 Flash Point: -104oC

2.2 Precise Quality: 44.06260

2.2 PSA: 0.00000

2.2 logP: 1.41630

2.2 Solubility: 62.61mg/L(25 ºC)

2.3 Viscosity: 8.3 uPa.s at 300K; 10.9 uPa.s at 400K; 13.4 uPa.s at 500K; 15.8 uPa.s at 600K

2.4 VaporDensity: 1.5 (vs air)

2.5 Appearance: Colorless, odorless gas

2.6 Atmospheric OH Rate Constant: 1.15e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

2.7 Autoignition Temperature: 842 °F (USCG, 1999)

2.8 Carcinogenicity: Propane is an anestheticand is nonirritating to the eyes, nose, or throat. Directskin or mucous membrane contact with liquefied propanecauses burns and frostbite. At air concentration levelsbelow 1000 ppm, propane exerts very little physiologicalaction. At very high levels, propane has CNS depressantand asphyxiating properties; its target organ is the centralnervous system.

2.9 Chemical Properties: Propane is a colorless gas that is odorless when pure (a foul-smelling odorant is often added).

2.10 Physical Properties: Propane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas that follows methane and ethane in the alkaneseries. The root word prop comes from the three-carbon acid propionic acid, CH3CH2COOH.Propionic acid comes from the Greek words protos meaning first and pion meaning fat.It wasthe smallest acid with fatty acid properties. Propane is the gas used to fuel barbecues and campstoves giving it the common name bottled gas.It is marketed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)or liquefied petroleum; it should be noted that LPG is often a mixture that may containsbutane, butylene, and propylene in addition to propane. In addition to cooking, propane canbe used as an energy source for space heating, refrigeration, transportation, and heating appliances(clothes dryer).Propane can be stored as liquid in pressurized (approximately 15 atmospheres) storage tanksand/or at cold temperatures and vaporizes to a gas at atmospheric pressure and normal temperatures.This makes it possible to store a large volume of propane as a liquid in a relatively small volume; propane as a vapor occupies 270 times the volume of propane in liquid form.This makes liquid propane an ideal fuel for transport and storage until needed.; View all

2.11 Color/Form: Colorless gas [Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

2.12 Corrosivity: Non-corrosive

2.13 Decomposition: At 650 °C decomposes to ethylene and ethane

2.14 Heat of Combustion: (constant vol) 528.4 cal; (constant pressure) 553.5 cal

2.15 Heat of Vaporization: 14.79 kJ/mol at 25 °C

2.16 Ionization Potential: 11.07 eV

2.17 Odor: Odorless [Note: A foul smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes].

2.18 Odor Threshold: 5,000-20,000 PPM

2.19 pKa: ≈ 44 (Gordon and Ford, 1972)

2.20 Water Solubility: 0.01% in water

2.21 Spectral Properties: Index of refraction: 1.2898 @ 20 deg C
IR: 6404 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)
13C NMR: 56 (Stothers, Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy. Academic Press, New York)
MASS: 61297 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral database, 1990 version)

2.22 Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Highly flammable. May form explosive mixtures with air.

2.23 StorageTemp: -20°C

2.24 Surface Tension: 16 dynes/cm= 0.016 N/m @ -47 °C

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 General Description: A colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. PROPANE is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. For transportation PROPANE may be stenched. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

3.2 Potential Exposure: Flammable gas. May form explosivemixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explo-sions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Liquid attacks some plas-tics, rubber and coatings.

3.3 Purification Methods: Purify propane by bromination of the olefinic contaminants. Propane is treated with bromine for 30minutes at 0o. Unreacted bromine is quenched, and the propane is distilled through two -78o traps and collected at -196o [Skell et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 6300 1986]. It autoignites at 450o and the flash point is -104o. It is highly FLAMMABLE and is available in metal cylinders. [Beilstein 1 H 103, 1 I 33, 1 II 71, 1 III 204, 1 IV 175.]

3.4 Shipping: UN1978 Propane, Hazard Class: 2.1; Labels:2.1-Flammable gas. UN1075 Petroleum gases, liquefied orLiquefied petroleum gas, Hazard Class: 2.1; Labels:2.1-Flammable gas. Cylinders must be transported ina secure upright position, in a well-ventilated truck.Protect cylinder and labels from physical damage. Theowner of the compressed gas cylinder is the only entityallowed by federal law (49CFR) to transport and refillthem. It is a violation of transportation regulations torefill compressed gas cylinders without the express writtenpermission of the owner.

3.5 Waste Disposal: Return refillable compressedgas cylinders to supplier. Dissolve or mix the materialwith a combustible solvent and burn in a chemicalincinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Allfederal, state, and local environmental regulations mustbe observed. Propane Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Symbol: GHS02, GHS04

4.1 Hazard Codes: F+

4.1 Signal Word: Danger

4.1 Risk Statements: R12

4.1 Safety Statements: 9-16

4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations: Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
Propane used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

4.2 Packing Group: O52

4.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow = 2.36

4.3 Fire Hazard: Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a long distance to a source of ignition and flash back.

4.4 Other Preventative Measures: When a filling, storage & dispatch depot is being selected, consideration must be given to the safety of both the site & the environment. Pump rooms, filling machinery ... must be located in fire resistant buildings with roofs of light construction. Doors & other closures should open outwards from the building. The premises should be adequately ventilated & a system of lighting with flameproof electrical switches should be installed. /gases & air, compressed/
If material is not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors.
Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (ie, for liquids with a flash point
Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amt of material spilled, location and weather conditions.
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Approach fire with caution.
NO open flames, NO sparks, and NO smoking ... Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (eg, by grounding) if in liquid state. Use non-sparking handtools ...
... As of April 1, 2002, many state and local jurisdictions will require that all propane gas tanks being refilled for consumers to use with their barbecue grills must have a new ... over-fill prevention device ... Some safety tips to reduce the risk of fire or explosion with gas grills /are/: Check grill hoses for cracking, brittleness, holes, and leaks. Make sure there are no sharp bends in the hose or tubing. Move gas hoses as far away as possible from hot surfaces and dripping hot grease. Always keep propane gas containers upright. Never store a spare gas container under or near the grill or indoors. Never store or use flammable liquids, like gasoline, near the grill. Never keep a filled container in a hot car or car trunk. Heat will cause the gas pressure to increase, which may open the relief valve and allow gas to escape. Make sure your spark ignitor is consistently generating a spark to create a flame and burn the propane gas. If the flame is not visible, the heavier-than-air propane gas may be escaping and could explode. Never bring the propane tank into the house.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.; View all

4.5 Hazard Class: 2.1

4.5 Hazard Declaration: H220-H280

4.5 Cleanup Methods: Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. (Extra personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.) ... Check oxygen content before entering area. Turn leaking cylinder with the leak up to prevent escape of gas in liquid state.
1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of leak. 3) Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder & the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, & repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.

4.6 DisposalMethods: SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Propane may be disposed of by burning at a safe location or in a suitable combustion chamber.

4.7 DOT Emergency Guidelines: /GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. ... Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet ) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Fire: DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. ... Small fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large fires: Water spray or fog. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.; View all

4.8 RIDADR: UN 1978 2.1

4.8 Fire Fighting Procedures: Stop flow of gas. For small fires use dry chemicals. Cool adjacent areas with water spray.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one half mile radius.
Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out; in other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide ...

4.9 FirePotential: Highly dangerous when exposed to heat, flame ... .

4.10 Safety Profile: Central nervous systemeffects at high concentrations. Anasphyxiant. Flammable gas. Highlydangerous fire hazard when exposed to heator flame; can react vigorously with oxidizers.Explosive in the form of vapor whenexposed to heat or flame. Explosive reactionwith ClO2. Violent exothermic reaction withbarium peroxide + heat. To fight fire, stopflow of gas. When heated to decompositionit emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

4.11 Caution Statement: P210-P377-P403-P410

4.11 Formulations/Preparations: A pressurized single phase disinfectant spray composition consists of 10-45 wt % water, 53-88% ethanol with balance being propane.
Grades: Research, instrument, pure: 99.35+% wt; technical: 97.50% wt.
Liquefied petroleum gas, known as lpg, is a mixture formed mainly of butane (about 62%) & propane (about 36%) ...
According to the Gas Processors Association HD5 specification for LPG as a transportation fuel, LPG must consist of 90% propane, no more than 5% propylene, and 5% other which is primarily butane and butylene. It is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The components of LPG are gases at normal temperatures and pressures.

4.12 WGK Germany: -

4.12 RTECS: TX2275000

4.12 Protective Equipment and Clothing: Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles.
Wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin freezing.
... face shield ... .
Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.
Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating.
Respirator Recommendations: Up to 2,100 ppm: (Assigned Protection Factor = 10) Any supplied-air respirator./(Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: (Assigned Protection Factor = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode./(Assigned Protection Factor = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
Respirator Recommendations: Escape: Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Cold-insulating gloves.; View all

4.13 Reactivities and Incompatibilities: ... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Explosive reaction with chlorine dioxide.
Heating barium peroxide under gaseous propane at ambient pressure caused a violent exothermic reaction which deformed the glass container.
The relationship between critical pressure and composition for self-ignition of chlorine-propane mixtures at 300 deg C was studied, and the tendency is minimal for 60:40 mixtures. Combustion is explosive under some conditions.
Strong oxidizers.

4.14 Report: Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.

4.15 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations: At concn up to 10% (100,000 ppm) ... propane caused no noticeable irritation to the eyes, nose, or resp tract.

4.16 Safety: Central nervous system effects at high concentrations. An asphyxiant. Flammable gas. Highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizers. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Explosive reaction with ClO₂. Violent exothermic reaction with barium peroxide + heat. To fight fire, stop flow of gas. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Hazard Codes: F+
Risk Statements: 12
R12:Extremely flammable.
Safety Statements: 9-16
S9:Keep container in a well-ventilated place.
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition.
RIDADR: UN 1978 2.1
F: 4.5-31
HazardClass: 2.1
RTECS: TX2275000

4.17 Specification: Propane (CAS NO.74-98-6), its Synonyms are Dimethylmethane ; Hydrocarbon Propellant A-108 ; LPG ; Liquefied petroleum gas ; Petroleum gas, liquefied ; Propyl hydride ; Propyldihydride ; R 290 ; n-Propane . It is colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor.

4.18 Toxicity: Vaporizing liquid may cause frostbite. Concentrations in air greater than 10% cause dizziness in a few minutes. 1% concentrations give the same effect in 10 min. High concentrations cause asphyxiation.

5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Gases under pressure: Compressed gas

Flammable gases, Category 1

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statement(s)	H220 Extremely flammable gas
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention	P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.
Response	P377 Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. P381 In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.
Storage	P410+P403 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. P403 Store in a well-ventilated place.
Disposal	none

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

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6. NMR Spectrum

1H NMR : parameter in CCl4

7. Synthesis Route

74-98-6Total: 427 Synthesis Route

56-81-5 1010 Suppliers

71-23-8 248 Suppliers

74-98-6 101 Suppliers

Literatures:
Chemistry - A European Journal, , vol. 15, # 39 p. 10132 - 10143
Yield: ~39%

75-30-9 57 Suppliers

74-98-6 101 Suppliers

79-29-8 46 Suppliers

Literatures:
Journal of the American Chemical Society, , vol. 114, # 22 p. 8490 - 8496
Yield: ~%

75-26-3 174 Suppliers

74-98-6 101 Suppliers

79-29-8 46 Suppliers

Literatures:
Journal of the American Chemical Society, , vol. 114, # 22 p. 8490 - 8496
Yield: ~%

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8. Other Information

8.0 Merck: 13,7891

8.1 BRN: 1730718

8.2 Description: Propane is colourless and odourless, with a mercaptan odour. Like all fossil fuels, propane is a non-renewable energy source. Propane is a gas derived from natural gas and petroleum. It is found mixed with natural gas and petroleum deposits. Propane is called a ‘fossil fuel’ because it was formed millions of years ago from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants. Propane is a clean-burning, versatile fuel. It is used by nearly everyone, in homes, on farms, by business, and in industry mostly for producing heat and operating equipment. Propane is one of the many fossil fuels included in the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) family. Because propane is the type of LPG most commonly used in the United States, propane and LPG are often used synonymously. Butane is another LPG often used in lighters.

8.3 Description: Propane is a certified reference material standard for propane, a solvent that has been used in the extraction of cannabinoids from Cannabis and has been identified as a contaminant in butane hash oil and Δ⁹-THC concentrates. It is designed for use as a reference standard for propane by GC- or LC-MS. This product is intended for research and forensic applications.

8.4 Chemical Properties: PROPANE is the gas is slightly soluble in H2O, moderately soluble in alcohol, and very soluble in ether. Although a number of organic compounds which are important industrially may be considered to be derivatives of propane, it is not a common starting ingredient. The content of propane in natural gas varies with the source of the natural gas, but on the average is about 6%. Propane also is obtainable from petroleum sources.

8.5 Chemical Properties: Propane is a colorless gas that is odorless when pure (a foul-smelling odorant is often added).

Propane is released to the living environment from automobile exhausts, burning furnaces, natural gas sources, and during combustion of polyethylene and phenolic resins. Propane is both highly inflammable and explosive and needs proper care and management of workplaces. Its use in industry includes as a source for fuel and propellant for aerosols. Occupational workers exposed to liquefi ed propane have demonstrated skin burns and frostbite. Propane also causes depression effects on the CNS.

8.6 Physical properties: Propane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas that follows methane and ethane in the alkane series. The root word prop comes from the three-carbon acid propionic acid, CH3CH2COOH. Propionic acid comes from the Greek words protos meaning first and pion meaning fat.It was the smallest acid with fatty acid properties. Propane is the gas used to fuel barbecues and camp stoves giving it the common name bottled gas.It is marketed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or liquefied petroleum; it should be noted that LPG is often a mixture that may contains butane, butylene, and propylene in addition to propane. In addition to cooking, propane can be used as an energy source for space heating, refrigeration, transportation, and heating appliances (clothes dryer).
Propane can be stored as liquid in pressurized (approximately 15 atmospheres) storage tanks and/or at cold temperatures and vaporizes to a gas at atmospheric pressure and normal temperatures. This makes it possible to store a large volume of propane as a liquid in a relatively small volume; propane as a vapor occupies 270 times the volume of propane in liquid form. This makes liquid propane an ideal fuel for transport and storage until needed.; View all

8.7 Characteristics: Propane demonstrates that the carbon atoms have different characteristics in alkanes with more than two carbon atoms. The terminal carbon atoms in propane are bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom. A carbon atom bonded to only one other carbon atom is referred to as a primary or 1° carbon. The central carbon atom in propane is bonded to two other carbon atoms and is called a secondary or 2° carbon. A hydrogen atom has the same classifi cation as the carbon atom to which it is attached. Thus the hydrogen atoms attached to the terminal carbon atoms in propane are called primary (1°) hydrogens, whereas the central atom has secondary (2°) hydrogen. The diff erence in bonds leads to diff erences in reactions and properties of diff erent isomers. For example, breaking a primary bond requires more energy than breaking a secondary bond in propane. This makes formation of the isopropyl radical CH3CHCH3? easier than the n-propyl radical, CH3CH2CH2?. Even though the formation of the isopropyl is more favorable energetically, the greater number of primary hydrogen atoms leads to approximately equal amounts of n-propyl and isopropyl radicals formed under similar reaction conditions.
Oxidation of propane can produce various oxygenated compounds under appropriate conditions, but generally alkanes are relatively unreactive compared to other organic groups. Some of the more common oxidation products include methanol (CH3OH), formaldehyde (CH2O), and acetaldehyde (C2H4O). Propane can be converted to cyclopropane by conversion to 1,3 dichloro-propane using zinc dust and sodium iodine ClCH2CH2CH2Cl--Zn. Nacl--cyclopropane.; View all

8.8 Uses: Propane has been used as a transportation fuel since its discovery. It was first used as an automobile fuel in 1913. It follows gasoline and diesel as the third most popular vehicle fuel and today powers more than half a million vehicles in the United States and 6 million worldwide. The widespread use of propane is hampered by the lack of a distribution system, but it has been used to fuel fleets of buses, taxis, and government vehicles. Also, it is heavily used to power equipment such as forklifts. Propane is cleaner burning than gasoline or diesel and has been used to reduce urban air pollution. Compared to gasoline it emits 10–40% of the carbon monoxide, 30–60% of the hydrocarbons, and 60–90% of the carbon dioxide. An advantage of cleaner burning propane is that engine maintenance is improved because of lower engine deposits and fouling. Propane’s octane ratings range between 104 and 110. The lower emissions are somewhat compromised by propane’s lower energy value; propane has about 75% of the energy content of gasoline when compared by volume. Propane is separated from natural gas and is also produced during petroleum processing. Approximately 53% of the propane produced in the United States comes from the small fraction (less than 5%) found in natural gas and the remainder comes petroleum refining.; View all

8.9 Uses: Propane is used as a fuel gas, as a refrigerant,and in organic synthesis.

8.10 Uses: Propane’s greatest use is not as a fuel but in the petrochemical industry as a feedstock. Asan alkane, it undergoes typical alkane reactions of combustion, halogenation, pyrolysis, andoxidation.

8.11 General Description: A colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. PROPANE is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. For transportation PROPANE may be stenched. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

8.12 Air & Water Reactions: Highly flammable.

8.13 Reactivity Profile: PROPANE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

8.14 Hazard: Asphyxiant. Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive limits in air 2.4–9.5%. For storage, see butane (note).

8.15 Health Hazard: Propane is a nontoxic gas. It is an asphyxiate.At high concentrations it shows narcoticeffects.

8.16 Health Hazard: Vaporizing liquid may cause frostbite. Concentrations in air greater than 10% cause dizziness in a few minutes. 1% concentrations give the same effect in 10 min. High concentrations cause asphyxiation.

8.17 Fire Hazard: Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a long distance to a source of ignition and flash back.

8.18 Biochem/physiol Actions: In addition to facilitating solubilization of lipids, apolipoproteins help to maintain the structural integrity of lipoproteins, serve as ligands for lipoprotein receptors, and regulate the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in lipid metabolism. It′s interaction with specific ApoE receptor enables uptake of chylomicron remnants by liver cells, which is an essential step during normal lipid metabolism. It also binds with the LDL receptor (Apo B/E). Defects in ApoE are a cause of hyperlipoproteinemia type III.

8.19 Safety Profile: Central nervous system effects at high concentrations. An asphyxiant. Flammable gas. Highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizers. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Explosive reaction with ClO2. Violent exothermic reaction with barium peroxide + heat. To fight fire, stop flow of gas. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

8.20 Potential Exposure: Flammable gas. May form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explo- sions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Liquid attacks some plas- tics, rubber and coatings.

8.21 Carcinogenicity: Propane is an anesthetic and is nonirritating to the eyes, nose, or throat. Direct skin or mucous membrane contact with liquefied propane causes burns and frostbite. At air concentration levels below 1000 ppm, propane exerts very little physiological action. At very high levels, propane has CNS depressant and asphyxiating properties; its target organ is the central nervous system.

8.22 Source: Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission rate of propane was 169 mg/kg of pine burned. Emission rates of propane were not measured during the combustion of oak and eucalyptus.
California Phase II reformulated gasoline contained propane at a concentration of 100 mg/kg. Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from gasoline-powered automobiles with and without catalytic converters were 1.62 and 191 mg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002).

8.23 Environmental fate: Biological. In the presence of methane, Pseudomonas methanica degraded propane to 1- propanol, propionic acid, and acetone (Leadbetter and Foster, 1959). The presence of carbon dioxide was required for “Nocardia paraffinicum” to degrade propane to propionic acid (MacMichael and Brown, 1987). Propane may biodegrade in two pathways. The first is the formation of propyl hydroperoxide, which decomposes to 1-propanol followed by oxidation to propanoic acid. The other pathway involves dehydrogenation to 1-propene, which may react with water giving propanol (Dugan, 1972). Microorganisms can oxidize alkanes under aerobic conditions (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). The most common degradative pathway involves the oxidation of the terminal methyl group forming the corresponding alcohol (1-propanol). The alcohol may undergo a series of dehydrogenation steps forming an aldehyde (propionaldehyde), then a fatty acid (propionic acid). The fatty acid may then be metabolized by β-oxidation to form the mineralization products carbon dioxide and water (Singer and Finnerty, 1984).
Photolytic. When synthetic air containing propane and nitrous acid was exposed to artificial sunlight (λ = 300–450 nm), propane photooxidized to acetone with a yield of 56% (Cox et al., 1980). The rate constants for the reaction of propane and OH radicals in the atmosphere at 298 and 300 K were 1.11 x 10^-12 cm³/molecule?sec (DeMore and Bayes, 1999) and 1.3 x 10^-12 cm³/molecule?sec (Hendry and Kenley, 1979). Cox et al. (1980) reported a rate constant of 1.9 x 10-12 cm³/molecule?sec for the reaction of gaseous propane with OH radicals based on a value of 8 x 10^-12 cm³/molecule?sec for the reaction of ethylene with OH radicals.
Chemical/Physical. Incomplete combustion of propane in the presence of excess hydrogen chloride resulted in a high number of different chlorinated compounds including, but not limited to alkanes, alkenes, monoaromatics, alicyclic hydrocarbons, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Without hydrogen chloride, 13 nonchlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were formed (Eklund et al., 1987).
Complete combustion in air yields carbon dioxide and water.; View all

8.24 Solubility in organics: (vol %):
Alcohol (790 at 16.6 °C and 754 mmHg), benzene (1,452 at 21.5 °C and 757 mmHg), chloroform (1,299 at 21.6 °C and 757 mmHg), ether (926 at 16.6 °C and 757 mmHg), and turpentine (1,587 at 17.7 °C and 757 mmHg) (Windholz et al., 1983).

8.25 Shipping: UN1978 Propane, Hazard Class: 2.1; Labels: 2.1-Flammable gas. UN1075 Petroleum gases, liquefied or Liquefied petroleum gas, Hazard Class: 2.1; Labels: 2.1-Flammable gas. Cylinders must be transported in a secure upright position, in a well-ventilated truck. Protect cylinder and labels from physical damage. The owner of the compressed gas cylinder is the only entity allowed by federal law (49CFR) to transport and refill them. It is a violation of transportation regulations to refill compressed gas cylinders without the express written permission of the owner.

8.26 Purification Methods: Purify propane by bromination of the olefinic contaminants. Propane is treated with bromine for 30minutes at 0o. Unreacted bromine is quenched, and the propane is distilled through two -78o traps and collected at -196o [Skell et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 6300 1986]. It autoignites at 450o and the flash point is -104o. It is highly FLAMMABLE and is available in metal cylinders. [Beilstein 1 H 103, 1 I 33, 1 II 71, 1 III 204, 1 IV 175.]

8.27 Toxicity evaluation: Some sources classify propane as a simple anesthetic, although it can principally be classified as a simple asphyxiant. Concentrations that are high enough to displace oxygen would be expected to cause lightheadedness, loss of consciousness, and possibly death from asphyxiation.

8.28 Waste Disposal: Return refillable compressed gas cylinders to supplier. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.

9. Computational chemical data

Molecular Weight: 44.09562g/mol
Molecular Formula: C₃H₈
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: 1.8
Exact Mass: 44.062600255
Monoisotopic Mass: 44.062600255
Complexity: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADccBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGAAAAAAACACAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==

10. Question & Answer

Why Does Propane Burn with a Blue Flame? Jan 23 2024
A blue flame indicates complete combustion of the gas. LPG (Propane), as well as other pure hydrocarbons like methane, propane, butane, and ethane, all burn with a blue flame. These gases are alkanes ..
Is Propane a Polar Molecule? Jan 02 2024
Description Propane, a versatile fuel in the United States, is used for various purposes such as heating, cooking, and outdoor activities. It is a common choice for heating homes, drying clothes, and..
Which pair of compounds has the same empirical formula? (5 points) C2H6 and CH CH3 and C2H6 C3H8 and C3H C2H2 and C2H? Feb 13 2022
C2H6 and CH These have the same empirical formula CH3 and C2H6 These have the same empirical formula C3H8 and C3H / C2H2 and C2H These do not have the same empirical formula
Which pair of compounds has the same empirical formula? C2H6 and CH CH3 and C2H6 C3H8 and C3H C2H2 and C2H? Feb 12 2022
CH3 and C2H6 Empiraical formula meant to let the number of C’s and H’s co-prime , whre CxHy and gcd(x,y)=1 simply we can find out CH3 have the same empirical formua with C2H6

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