Glyphosate

Iupac Name：2-(phosphonomethylamino)acetic acid

Molecular Weight：169.073081

Modify Date.: 2023-03-02 12:48

Introduction:

Glyphosate (C3H8NO5P, CAS No: 1071-83-6, MW: 169.073081 g/mol) is an organic compound. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide commonly used in agriculture to control a wide range of weeds and grasses. It works by inhibiting a specific enzyme involved in the synthesis of essential amino acids in plants, ultimately leading to their death. Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, particularly in conjunction with genetically modified crops that are resistant to its effects.

Glyphosate is highly effective in both pre- and post-emergence weed control and is used in a variety of agricultural practices, including in the cultivation of crops like corn, soybeans, and wheat. It is also used in non-crop areas such as roadsides, industrial sites, and turf management. Glyphosate's ability to target weeds without harming most crops has made it a valuable tool in modern farming.

When handling glyphosate, it should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its effectiveness. It is important to follow safety guidelines to avoid skin contact or inhalation of its vapors, as prolonged exposure may have health risks. Protective equipment, including gloves and eye protection, should be worn when applying glyphosate to ensure safety.

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1. Names and Identifiers

: 1.1 Name; Glyphosate; 1.2 Synonyms; (carboxymethyl)(phosphonomethyl)azanium (Carboxymethylamino)methylphosphonic acid (Phosphonomethyl)glycine [(Phosphonomethyl)amino]acetic acid 2-((Phosphonomethyl)amino)acetic acid Accord Carboxy-N-(phosphonomethyl)methanaminium EINECS 213-997-4 ENVISION(R) Folusen Forsat Glialka Glialka 36 Glifocas Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)- Glyphodin A Glyphosate CT Glysate Herbatop KERNEL(R) landmaster Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N-(phosphonomethyl)- MFCD00055350 N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycine N-Phosphomethylglycine N-phosphonomethylglycine acid Phorsat phosphonomethyl glycine Rebel Garde Roundup Rounduuuuup(Monsanto) TILLER TOTAL tumbleweed; View all

1.3 CAS No.: 1071-83-6

1.4 CID: 3496

1.5 EINECS(EC#): 213-997-4

1.6 Molecular Formula: C3H8NO5P (isomer)

1.7 Inchi: InChI=1S/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)

1.8 InChIkey: XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

1.9 Canonical Smiles: C(C(=O)O)NCP(=O)(O)O

1.10 Isomers Smiles: C(C(=O)O)NCP(=O)(O)O

2. Properties

2.1 Density: 1.74

2.1 Melting point: 230℃

2.1 Boiling point: 465.8 °C at 760 mmHg

2.1 Refractive index: 1.576

2.1 Flash Point: 235.5 °C

2.1 Precise Quality: 169.01400

2.1 PSA: 116.67000

2.1 logP: -0.81330

2.1 Solubility: 1.2 g/100 mL

2.2 Appearance: white powder

2.3 Color/Form: White solid
Colorless crystals

2.4 Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen and phosphorus oxides/.

2.5 Odor: Odorless

2.6 pKa: 1.22±0.10(Predicted)

2.7 Water Solubility: 1.2 g/100 mL

2.8 Stability: Stable. Incompatible with metals, strong oxidizing agents, strong bases. May be light sensitive.

2.9 StorageTemp: APPROX 4°C

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 Potential Exposure: A potential danger to those involvedin the manufacture, formulation, and application of thisnonselective and nonresidual pre-emergence organophos phate herbicide. Has wide residential use in the UnitedStates for the control of weeds.

3.2 Shipping: UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances,solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous haz ardous material, Technical Name Required.

3.3 Usage: It was originally used for controlling of grass weeds in rubber plantations and can allow the rubber tapping a year earlier and increase the production capacity of the old rubber tree. It is currently gradually extended to forestry, orchards, mulberry fields, tea plantations, rice and wheat, and rape rotation land. Different kinds of weeds have different sensitivity to glyphosate and therefore the dosage is also different. For example, for weeds such as barnyardgrass, green bristlegrass, Alopecurus aequalis, Eleusine indica, crabgrass, cleavers and other annual weeds, the dosage calculated according to the amount of the active ingredient should be 6~10.5 g/ 100 m2. For semen plantaginis, horseweed, and dayflower, the dosage of being an active ingredient should be 11.4~15g/100m2. For cogon, Panicum repens, and reeds, the dosage can be 18~30 g /100m2, generally the used amount of water should be 3~4.5 kg. Apply direct and even spray to the stems and leaves of the weed. It is a kind of non-selective, post-emergent herbicide with short residue life. It can be used for control of perennial deep roots weeds, annual and biennial weeds, sedges and broadleaf weeds. Glyphosate is an organic phosphorus herbicide and its herbicidal property was found by D. D. Baird (US) in 1971. Until to the 1980s, it has become an important species in the world herbicide.; View all

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Symbol: GHS05, GHS09

4.1 Hazard Codes: Xi

4.1 Signal Word: Danger

4.1 Risk Statements: R41;R51/53

4.1 Safety Statements: S2;S26;S39;S61

4.1 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow = -3.40

4.2 Fire Hazard: Flash point data for Glyphosate are not available; however, Glyphosate is probably combustible.

4.3 Other Preventative Measures: Avoid contacting the skin or eyes with the undiluted substance ... Keep out of the reach of children. Prevent drifting over neighboring crops.
Wear the items of protective clothing the label requires: for example, non-absorbent gloves (not leather or fabric), rubber footwear (not canvas or leather), a hat, goggles, or a dust-mist filter. If no specific clothing is listed, gloves, long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and closed shoes are recommended. You can buy protective clothing and equipment at hardware stores or building supply stores.
Outdoor Applications. Never apply pesticides outdoors on a windy day (winds higher than 10 mph). Position yourself so that a light breeze does not blow pesticide spray or dust into your face.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Worker Protection Standard (WPS) Requirements. Any product whose labeling permits use in the production of an agricultural plant on any farm, forest, nursery or greenhouse must comply with the labeling requirements of: PR Notice 93-7, "Labeling Revisions Required by the Worker Protection Standard (WPS)," andPR Notice 93-11, "Supplemental Guidance for PR Notice 93-7." Unless specifically directed in the RED, all statements required by these two PR Notices must appear on product labeling exactly as instructed in the Notices. Labels /for glyphosate/ were required to/ be revised by April 21, 1994, for products distributed or sold by the primary registrant or supplementally registered distributors, and by October 23, 1995, for products distributed or sold by anyone.
/Glyphosate/ Products Not Primarily Intended for Home Use: Uses Within the Scope of the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) - A 12-hour restricted entry interval (REI) is required for all products with uses within the scope of the WPS, except products intended primarily for home use. The PPE for early entry should be that required for applicators of glyphosate, except any applicator requirement for an apron or respirator is waived. This REI and PPE should be inserted into the standardized statements required by PR Notice 93-7. Sole Active Ingredient End-Use Products - Labels must ... adopt the entry restrictions set forth in this section. ... Multiple Active Ingredient Products - ... A specific time period in hours or days is considered more protective than "until sprays have dried" or "dusts have settled."; View all

4.4 Hazard Declaration: H318-H411

4.4 Cleanup Methods: Sweep spilled substance into plastic containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.
If a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Don't wash it away. Instead, sprinkle the spill with sawdust, vermiculite, or kitty litter. Sweep it into a plastic garbage bag, and dispose of it as directed on the pesticide product label.
After Applying a Pesticide, Indoors or Outdoors. To remove pesticide residues, use a bucket to rinse tools or equipment three times, including any containers or utensils that you used when mixing the pesticide. Then pour the rinsewater into the pesticide sprayer and reuse the solution by applying it according to the pesticide product label directions. After applying any pesticide wash your hands and any other parts of your body that may have come in contact with the pesticide..To prevent tracking pesticides inside, remove or rinse your boots or shoes before entering your home. Wash any clothes that have been exposed to a lot of pesticide separately from your regular wash.
Hydrolysis: Mix glyphosate with excess CaO /calcium oxide/ or NaOH /sodium hydroxide/ and sand or lye and sand or other adsorbent in a pit or trench at least 0.5 m deep in a clay soil. NaOH (or Na2CO3) /sodium carbonate/ can also be added to the mixture to help speed the reactions when CaO is used as the main alkali. The amt of CaO or NaOH to use depends on the amt of pesticide to be disposed of and, to some extent, the concentration of active ingredient in the pesticide and the actual chemical nature of the active ingredient. A practical guideline, in the absence of specific directions, is to use an approx volume or weight of alkali from one-half of to the same as that of the pesticide. For dilute formulations, such as a 1% soln or dust, the amount of CaO of NaOH can be reduced by one-half. For very concentrated pesticides (over 80% active ingredient) the amount of CaO or NaOH can be doubled, but the concentrate should be mixed first with water (or soapy water) before reaction with the alkali. For safety, a preliminary test should be made in which very small amt of the pesticide and alkali are mixed and observed briefly to make sure it does not react too vigorously. Sizable quantities of pesticides can be disposed of in several smaller batches, rather than all at once, for added safety. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985)); View all

4.5 DisposalMethods: SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Waste streams were subjected to biol treatments following lime-pretreatment to reduce amt of glyphosate. Glyphosate itself showed only partial reduction with biol treatment.
Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.
Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.; View all

4.6 RIDADR: UN 3077 9/PG 3

4.6 Fire Fighting Procedures: /To fight fire use/ powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide.

4.7 Safety Profile: Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: arrhythmias, blood pressure lowering, body temperature increase, change in heart rate, convulsions, darrhea, fibrosing alveolitis, fibrosis, hypermoultty, respiratory depression, respiratory stimulation. Used as an herbicide. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and POx.

4.8 Caution Statement: P273-P280-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310-P391-P501

4.8 Formulations/Preparations: Aqueous solution, water-soluble liquid, water soluble concentrate.
Polado (plant growth regulator), water soluble powder (750 g glyphosate-sesquisodium/kg) /Glyphosate sesquisodium/
... Technical grade glyphosate (averaging 96% purity on a dry weight basis).
Clearout TEC, 96.7% Glyphosate
Fozzate, 80% Glyphosate
Gly-Flo 96% Acid Technical, 96.3% Glyphosate
Glygran WDG, 80% Glyphosate
Glyphogan Herbicide, 41% Glyphosate
Glyphosate Technical, 88% glyphosate
Glyphosate Acid Technical Dry, 96% glyphosate
Kleeraway SYstemic Weed & Grass Killer2, 5% Glyphosate
Kull Tgai Glyphosate, 96.1% Glyphosate
RD1619 Herbicide, 71.4% Glyphosate
Recoil Broad Spectrum Herbicide, 11.38% 2-4,D; 23.03% Glyphosate
Roundup Dry Concentrate, 95.2% glyphosate
Standout Herbicide, 2.7% Imazethapyr, 21.9% Glyphosate
Touchdown 008, 0.6% Dicamba, 43.4% Glyphosate
Touchdown Diquat Home and Garden Concentrate, 0.73% Diquat dibromide, 13.4% glyphosate
Touchdown Herbicide, 28.3% Glyphosate
Touchdown Hitech Herbicide, 52.3% glyphosate
Touchdown Total, 36.5% glyphosate; View all

4.9 Incompatibilities: Organophosphates are susceptible to for mation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in thepresence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partialoxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release oftoxic phosphorus oxides. Compounds of the carboxylgroup react with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e.,amines) releasing substantial heat, water, and a salt thatmay be harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds(releases hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithio carbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, sulfides(releasing heat, toxic, and possibly flammable gases), thio sulfates, and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate andoxides of sulfur). Solutions are corrosive to iron, unlinedsteel, and galvanized steel, forming a highly combustible orexplosive gas mixture. Do not store glyphosate in contain ers made from these materials. Glyphosate Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials

4.10 WGK Germany: 2

4.10 RTECS: MC1075000

4.10 Protective Equipment and Clothing: Glyphosate in the formulated product can cause eye and skin irritation. /Formulated herbicide/
Concentrated solutions /of glyphosate/ can cause dermal irritation.
Some glyphosate end-use products are in Toxicity Categories I or II form primary eye irritation or skin irritation. In California, glyphosate ranks high among pesticides causing illness or injury to workers, who report numerous incidents of eye and skin irritation from splashes during mixing and loading.

4.11 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations: Glyphosate in the formulated product can cause eye and skin irritation. /Formulated herbicide/
Concentrated solutions /of glyphosate/ can cause dermal irritation.
Some glyphosate end-use products are in Toxicity Categories I or II form primary eye irritation or skin irritation. In California, glyphosate ranks high among pesticides causing illness or injury to workers, who report numerous incidents of eye and skin irritation from splashes during mixing and loading.

4.12 Toxicity: ORL-RAT LD50 4873 mg kg-1 , SKN-RBT LD50 7940 mg kg-1 , IPR-MUS LD50 130 mg kg-1, IPR-RAT LD50 235 mg kg-1, ORL-MUS LD50 1568 mg kg-1, ORL-RBT LD50 3800 mg kg-1

5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Serious eye damage, Category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term (Chronic) - Category Chronic 2

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statement(s)	H318 Causes serious eye damage H411 Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention	P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P273 Avoid release to the environment.
Response	P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P310 Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor/\u2026 P391 Collect spillage.
Storage	none
Disposal	P501 Dispose of contents/container to ...

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

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6. Synthesis Route

1071-83-6Total: 51 Synthesis Route

460-19-5

1071-83-6 609 Suppliers

Literatures:
US5324855 A1, ;
Yield: null

5994-61-6 153 Suppliers

1071-83-6 609 Suppliers

Literatures:
DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC Patent: WO2003/99831 A1, 2003 ; Location in patent: Page 26-27 ;
Yield: ~97%

5994-61-6 153 Suppliers

1066-51-9 69 Suppliers

1071-83-6 609 Suppliers

Literatures:
Journal of Catalysis, , vol. 182, # 2 art. no. JCAT.1998.2374, p. 515 - 519
Yield: null

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7. Precursor and Product

precursor:

52558-39-1

53792-63-5

2439-99-8

60711-71-9

59199-32-5

39600-44-7

39600-47-0

96-36-6

1983-27-3

77752-64-8

82156-14-7

1066-51-9

89566-23-4

5994-61-6

111451-20-8

56-40-6

74-96-4

64140-94-9

98793-58-9

65886-97-7

65886-96-6

79-14-1

View all

product :

38641-94-0

39600-44-7

34494-04-7

1066-51-9

34494-03-6

8. Other Information

8.0 Merck: 13,4525

8.1 BRN: 2045054

8.2 Mechanism: Glyphosate mainly takes effects by blocking the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid, namely the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine via shikimic acid pathway. It has inhibitory effect on the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase), which can catalyze the conversion between shikimate-3-phosphate and 5-enolpyruvate phosphate into 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP), so glyphosate interfere with this biosynthesis of enzymatic reactions, resulting shikimic acid accumulation in vivo. [4] In addition, the glyphosate can also suppress other kinds of plant enzymes [5], [6] and the animal enzyme [7] activity. The metabolism of glyphosate in higher plants is very slow and it has been tested that its metabolite is aminomethylphosphonic acid and methyl amino acetic acid. Because of the high working performance, slow degradation, as well as high plant toxicity of glyphosate in plants body, the glyphosate is regarded as a kind of ideal controlling perennial weeds herbicides. [8] We are currently studying the culture of glyphosate resistant plants. Biochemists have isolated from microorganisms of strains with excess amount of EPSP and further introduce the gene into tobacco and soybean tissues in order to cultivate the plants resistant to glyphosate.; View all

8.3 Usage of glyphosate pesticide: 1. weeding of orchards and mulberry: annual weeds: apply 0.5-1 kg of 10% water preparation per acre; for controlling of perennial weeds, use 1-1.5 kg of water preparation per acre. Mix with 20-30 kg of water and directly spray the weed stems and leaves.
2. Farmland weeding: for weeds emerged before the reverse cropping and seeding in the farmland, the dosage can be referred to the orchard weed section. For medication during cotton growth, it requires the application directed spray with a hood. Apply 0.5-0.75 kg of 10% water preparation per acre and mixing with 20-30 kg of water.
3. Weeding of leisure place, Tanabe, roadside; during the 4-6 leaf stage of weeds, apply 0.5-1 kg of 10% water per acre, add 100 mL of diesel and mix with 20-30 kg of water and apply weed spray.

8.4 Chemical Properties: The pure product is white solid with the m.p being 230 °C (decomposition). It is generally insoluble in common organic solvents; at 25 °C, the solubility in water is 1.2%. It is usually made into glyphosate amine salts such as isopropylamine salt and dimethylamine salt, etc. it can also be made from sodium salt. The glyphosate salt is soluble in water.

8.5 Toxicity: Acute oral-rat LD50 is 4320mg/kg, acute percutaneous-rabbit LD50> 5000mg/kg (7940mg/kg); it has mild stimulus on skin and eyes of rabbits. Using a dose 2000 mg/kg for feeding rats for 90d causes no abnormal symptoms. Animal tests exhibit no teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effect. Trout-LC50> 1000mg/L, Daphnia 780mg/L. It has low toxicity to bees and birds.

8.6 Uses: It was originally used for controlling of grass weeds in rubber plantations and can allow the rubber tapping a year earlier and increase the production capacity of the old rubber tree. It is currently gradually extended to forestry, orchards, mulberry fields, tea plantations, rice and wheat, and rape rotation land. Different kinds of weeds have different sensitivity to glyphosate and therefore the dosage is also different. For example, for weeds such as barnyardgrass, green bristlegrass, Alopecurus aequalis, Eleusine indica, crabgrass, cleavers and other annual weeds, the dosage calculated according to the amount of the active ingredient should be 6~10.5 g/ 100 m2. For semen plantaginis, horseweed, and dayflower, the dosage of being an active ingredient should be 11.4~15g/100m2. For cogon, Panicum repens, and reeds, the dosage can be 18~30 g /100m2, generally the used amount of water should be 3~4.5 kg. Apply direct and even spray to the stems and leaves of the weed.
It is a kind of non-selective, post-emergent herbicide with short residue life. It can be used for control of perennial deep roots weeds, annual and biennial weeds, sedges and broadleaf weeds.
Glyphosate is an organic phosphorus herbicide and its herbicidal property was found by D. D. Baird (US) in 1971. Until to the 1980s, it has become an important species in the world herbicide.; View all

8.7 Chemical Properties: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective systemic herbicide. It is a colorless crystal at room temperature and is soluble in acetone, ethanol, xylene, and water. Glyphosate is used for the control of annual and perennial plants, including grasses, sedges, broadleaved weeds, and woody plants. It can be used on non-cropland as well as on many varieties of crops. Glyphosate itself is an acid, but it is commonly used in salt form, most commonly isopropylamine salt. It may also be available in acidic or trimethylsulfonium salt forms. It is generally distributed as water-soluble concentrates and powders. Glyphosate is a GUP.

8.8 Chemical Properties: Glyphosate, an organophosphate/carboxylic acid (substituted), is a colorless crystalline powder. Often used as a liquid in a carrier solvent which may change physical and toxicological properties.

8.9 Uses: Herbicide

8.10 Flammability and hazard characteristics: combustion produces toxic gases of nitrogen oxides and phosphorus oxides

8.11 Storage characteristics: Treasury: ventilation, low-temperature and drying; store separately from food raw material

8.12 Extinguishing agent: Dry powder, foam, sand

8.13 Uses: Nonselective, postemergence, broad spectrum herbicide used to control annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broad-leaved and emerged aquatic weeds. This herbicide is also used to control insects on fruit trees.

8.14 General Description: Odorless white powder. Decomposition begins at approximately 419°F (darkens). pH (1% solution in water) 2.5.

8.15 Reactivity Profile: Glyphosate may react with galvanized steel or unlined steel (except stainless steel) containers to produce hydrogen gas which may form a highly combustible or explosive gas mixture. Glyphosate can react with caustic (basic) materials to liberate heat. Glyphosate is corrosive to iron.

8.16 Health Hazard: Glyphosate is practically non-toxic if ingested, with a reported acute oral LD50 of 5600 mg/kg in the rat. The toxicities of the technical acid (glyphosate) and the formulated product (Roundup) are nearly the same. Laboratory animals, such as rats, dogs, mice, and rabbits, exposed to glyphosate for 2 years did not indicate any kind of adverse health effects.

8.17 Fire Hazard: Flash point data for Glyphosate are not available; however, Glyphosate is probably combustible.

8.18 Safety Profile: Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: arrhythmias, blood pressure lowering, body temperature increase, change in heart rate, convulsions, darrhea, fibrosing alveolitis, fibrosis, hypermoultty, respiratory depression, respiratory stimulation. Used as an herbicide. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and POx.

8.19 Potential Exposure: A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this nonselective and nonresidual pre-emergence organophos phate herbicide. Has wide residential use in the United States for the control of weeds.

8.20 First aid: If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance. Shampoo hair promptly if con taminated. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medi cal attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

8.21 Metabolic pathway: The photolytic degradation of glyphosate results in the formation of glycine, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA), and NH3. Glyphosate undergoes nitrogen ? carbon cleavage on reaction with m- chloroperoxybenzoic acid, leading ultimately to many of the same products formed on their metabolism and environmental degradation. It is suggested that insoluble complexes of glyphosate with iron(III), copper(II), calcium, and magnesium ions are formed at near-neutral pH, a mechanism of which is the inactivation of glyphosate in contaminated groundwater.268 The bacterium degrades high levels of glyphosate, primarily by converting to AMPA. Appreciable uptake of glyphosate is observed with seedlings and leaves and to a lesser extent with culture cells in the form of non-metabolized glyphosate, with AMPA as the only detectable metabolite.

8.22 Shipping: UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous haz ardous material, Technical Name Required.

8.23 Incompatibilities: Organophosphates are susceptible to for mation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides. Compounds of the carboxyl group react with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e., amines) releasing substantial heat, water, and a salt that may be harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds (releases hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithio carbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, sulfides (releasing heat, toxic, and possibly flammable gases), thio sulfates, and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and oxides of sulfur). Solutions are corrosive to iron, unlined steel, and galvanized steel, forming a highly combustible or explosive gas mixture. Do not store glyphosate in contain ers made from these materials.

8.24 Outline: Glyphosate, Scientific name: N-(methyl phosphonate) glycine. The pure product is non-volatile white solid with the density being 0.5 and the melting point of about 230 °C which is accompanied with decomposition. At 25 ℃, its water solubility is 1.2%. It is insoluble in common organic solvents. However, its isopropylamine salt can be completely dissolved in water. It is non-flammable, non-explosive, and is stable under room temperature. It is general being processed into amine salt water preparation. It is herbicide of low toxicity. It has systemic effect with a broad weeding spectrum. It has controlling effect on plant belongs to more than 40 families, including both monocots and dicots, annual and perennial, herbaceous plants and shrubs. It is very destructive on the underground tissue of the deep rooted perennial weeds and can reach a depth being out of the reach of general farm machinery. It is suitable to be applied to sugar cane, tea, mulberry, sisal, rubber, trees, and orchards for destructive weeding. It can be produced from raw materials such as monochloroacetic acid, ammonia, phosphorous acid, formaldehyde, and sulfuric acid.
Glyphosate is a kind of organic phosphorus herbicide. It is a kind of non-selective systemic stem leaf herbicide. It was developed by the Monsanto Company in the early 1970s. It is typically used in the form of its isopropylamine salt or sodium salt. The isopropylamine salt is the active component of a famous trademark herbicide "Roundup". The proto-drug is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder with the melting point being at 232~236 ℃ (decomposition), it is easily soluble in water, acetone, chlorobenzene, ethanol, kerosene and xylene. Glyphosate is a highly efficient, low toxicity, broad-spectrum systemic Herbicide. This product can dissolve the surface wax layer of the weed leafy shoots stem and rapidly penetrate into the plant conduction system effects, thus resulting in the death of the weeds. It can effectively control annual, biennial Gramineae, sedges and broadleaf weeds as well as perennial weeds such as sexual abuse grass, nutsedge, and bermudagrass. It is therefore widely applied to the chemical weeding in orchards, mulberry fields, tea plantations, rubber park, prairie update, forest firebreak, railways, highways wasteland and no-tillage farmland.; View all

8.25 Chemical Properties: The pure product is white solid with the m.p being 230 °C (decomposition). It is generally insoluble in common organic solvents; at 25 °C, the solubility in water is 1.2%. It is usually made into glyphosate amine salts such as isopropylamine salt and dimethylamine salt, etc. it can also be made from sodium salt. The glyphosate salt is soluble in water.

8.26 Toxicity: Acute oral-rat LD50 is 4320mg/kg, acute percutaneous-rabbit LD50> 5000mg/kg (7940mg/kg); it has mild stimulus on skin and eyes of rabbits. Using a dose 2000 mg/kg for feeding rats for 90d causes no abnormal symptoms. Animal tests exhibit no teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effect. Trout-LC50> 1000mg/L, Daphnia 780mg/L. It has low toxicity to bees and birds.

8.27 Description: Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; 1071-83-6) is the active ingredient in several commercial herbicides for nonselective weed control. Glyphosate herbicides are among the world’s most widely used herbicides. Roundup?, containing the active ingredient glyphosate, was developed and introduced by Monsanto Company in 1974. Other formulations include WeatherMax, UltraMAX, Buccaneer, Razor Pro, Rodeo, and AquaMaster?. Some crops such as soybeans and cotton have been genetically engineered to be resistant to glyphosate (Roundup Ready), allowing farmers to use glyphosate as a postemergence herbicide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers glyphosate to be relatively low in toxicity compared to organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides.

8.28 Uses: Glyphosate is the active ingredient in several commercial herbicides. It is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide for various types of weeds, grasses (Poaceae), and woody plants.

8.29 General Description: Odorless white powder. Decomposition begins at approximately 419°F (darkens). pH (1% solution in water) 2.5.

8.30 Biochem/physiol Actions: Glyphosate?(N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine) is the herbicide form of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate.

8.31 Pharmacology: Glyphosate is the only known inhibitor of the biosynthesis of aromatic acids that has been commercialized as a successful herbicide (1). Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate, the natural substrate of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, and causes amassive accumulation of shikimate in treated plant tissue (1).
Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide, and it has been characterized as a low-risk herbicide for the evolution of herbicide resistance. A few weed species are somewhat tolerant to glyphosate, probably due to uptake or translocation mechanisms, but no plant species has sufficient resistance to glyphosate to allow its use directly on the crop as a selective herbicide. The complicated procedure used to genetically engineer the commercialized glyphosate-tolerant crops (31) would suggest that the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds will be a very slow process and that the level of resistance from field selection will be relatively low.; View all

8.32 Metabolism: In soils, glyphosate is rapidly mineralized within 1 to 2 weeks, and degradation occurs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (79). The C?P bond is relatively resistant to chemical degradation, but several bacteria, e.g., Arthrobacter (80), Pseudomonas (81), various members of the Rhizobiaceae family (82), and certain fungi (83), have been shown to metabolize glyphosate.

8.33 Toxicity evaluation: Glyphosate’s herbicidal action works by disrupting 5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, a plant enzyme involved in the production of the amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. EPSP synthase is not present in humans or animals and is the reason why glyphosate has relatively low mammalian toxicity. Additional mechanisms of action such as uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation have been proposed. Glyphosate-based formulations have been shown to disrupt aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interact with the active site of the purified enzyme in human placental cells. As a result, some researchers consider formulations like Roundup? to be a potential endocrine disruptor. Adjuvants present in many commercial preparations may facilitate the observed effect. In contrast to organophosphate insecticides, glyphosate is not an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.

9. Computational chemical data

Molecular Weight: 169.073081g/mol
Molecular Formula: C₃H₈NO₅P
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: -4.6
Exact Mass: 169.01400935
Monoisotopic Mass: 169.01400935
Complexity: 162
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Topological Polar Surface Area: 107
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADccBCOAIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHggQCCAAAADBgAQACALAAhAIQACQCIAAAAAAAAAAAICIAAACAAAAACAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==

10. Question & Answer

What are the Unique Properties and Effects of Glyphosate as a Herbicide? May 22 2024
General Description Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide with unique physical and chemical properties, acts as a systemic, non-selective herbicide by inhibiting the EPSPS enzyme in the shikimate pathwa..
What is Glyphosate? Apr 20 2024
Glyphosate, also known as N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, is an organic phosphorus herbicide that is widely used in the United States. It is a systemic, broad-spectrum herbicide that is commonly used in a..
Is Glyphosate Harmful to Humans and the Environment? Jan 28 2023
Glyphosate is a colorless crystalline substance that can form a powder or granules when mixed with air, and it has the potential to cause dust explosions. In its dry state, it can generate static elec..
What is the difference between glyphosate and Agent Orange? Apr 14 2022
The effects on humans and animals of agent orange are extremly toxic, can lead to irrevesible damage and slow death, glyphosate is not healthy to inhale, but by far not as toxic. The USA used Agent or..

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CAS 1071-83-6 Glyphosate 2-(phosphonomethylamino)acetic acid WHITE POWDER