Cytarabine
- Iupac Name：4-amino-1-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,
4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one
- CAS No.: 147-94-4
- Molecular Weight：243.21662
- Modify Date.: 2023-03-06 12:36
- Introduction: Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside drug that is related toidoxuridine. This agent is primarily used as an anticanceragent for Burkitt lymphoma and myeloid and lymphaticleukemias. Cytarabine blocks the cellular utilization of deoxycytidine,hence inhibiting the replication of viral DNA.Before it becomes active, the drug is converted to monophosphates,diphosphates, and triphosphates, which block DNApolymerase and the C-2 reductase that converts cytidinediphosphate into the deoxy derivative. The antiviral use of cytarabine is in the treatment of herpeszoster (shingles), herpetic keratitis, and viral infectionsthat resist idoxuridine. Cytarabine is usually administeredtopically. Toxicity occurs on bone marrow, the gastrointestinal(GI) tract, and the kidneys.
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1. Names and Identifiers
- 1.1 Name
- Cytarabine
- 1.2 Synonyms
(Β-D-Arabinofuranosyl)cytosine 2(1H)-Pyridinone, 4-amino-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl- 4-AMino-1-((2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxyMethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyriMidin-2(1H)-one 4-Amino-1-(β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone 4-aMino-1-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxyMethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyriMidin-2-one 4-amino-1-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyridin-2-one 4-amino-1-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one 4-Amino-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone
Arabinocytidine
Cytosine beta-D-Arabinofuranoside
Ara-C 4-Amino-1-Β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone Arabinocytidine Arabinofuranosylcytosine Arabinosylcytosine Ara-cell Cytarabine for Injection Cytosine Β-D-Arabinofuranoside cytrarabine DEPOCYT (cytarabine) EINECS 205-705-9 MFCD00066487
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- 1.3 CAS No.
- 147-94-4
- 1.4 CID
- 6253
- 1.5 EINECS(EC#)
- 205-705-9
- 1.6 Molecular Formula
- C9H13N3O5 (isomer)
- 1.7 Inchi
- InChI=1S/C9H13N3O5/c10-5-1-2-12(9(16)11-5)8-7(15)6(14)4(3-13)17-8/h1-2,4,6-8,13-15H,3H2,(H2,10,11,16)/t4-,6-,7+,8-/m1/s1
- 1.8 InChIkey
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-CCXZUQQUSA-N
- 1.9 Canonical Smiles
- C1=CN(C(=O)N=C1N)C2C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O
- 1.10 Isomers Smiles
- C1=CN(C(=O)N=C1N)[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O
2. Properties
- 2.1 Density
- 1.89
- 2.1 Melting point
- 212 - 213 C
- 2.1 Boiling point
- 545.7°C at 760 mmHg
- 2.1 Refractive index
- 1.756
- 2.1 Flash Point
- 283.8°C
- 2.1 Precise Quality
- 243.08600
- 2.1 PSA
- 130.83000
- 2.1 logP
- -1.98180
- 2.1 Solubility
- H2O: 50?mg/mL, clear, colorless
- 2.2 Λmax
- 272nm(H2O)(lit.)
- 2.3 Appearance
- fine off-white crystalline powder
- 2.4 Chemical Properties
- A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and in methylene chloride.
- 2.5 Color/Form
- Prisms from 50% ethanol
WHITE TO OFF-WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER
- 2.6 Decomposition
- When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.
- 2.7 Odor
- ODORLESS
- 2.8 pKa
- pKa 4.3 (Uncertain)
- 2.9 Water Solubility
- H2O: 50?mg/mL, clear, colorless
- 2.10 Spectral Properties
- Specific optical rotation: + 158 deg at 23 deg C/D; +153 deg at 24 deg C/D (water, 0.5%); max absorption at pH 2: 281.0 nm (e= 13,171); 212.5 nm (e= 10,230); at pH 12: 272.5 nm (e= 9259)
- 2.11 Stability
- Stable.
- 2.12 StorageTemp
- 2-8°C
3. Use and Manufacturing
- 3.1 Definition
- ChEBI: A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to D-arabinofuranose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond.
- 3.2 General Description
- Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside drug that is related toidoxuridine. This agent is primarily used as an anticanceragent for Burkitt lymphoma and myeloid and lymphaticleukemias. Cytarabine blocks the cellular utilization of deoxycytidine,hence inhibiting the replication of viral DNA.Before it becomes active, the drug is converted to monophosphates,diphosphates, and triphosphates, which block DNApolymerase and the C-2 reductase that converts cytidinediphosphate into the deoxy derivative. The antiviral use of cytarabine is in the treatment of herpeszoster (shingles), herpetic keratitis, and viral infectionsthat resist idoxuridine. Cytarabine is usually administeredtopically. Toxicity occurs on bone marrow, the gastrointestinal(GI) tract, and the kidneys.
- 3.3 Purification Methods
- Purify cytarabin by recrystallisation from aqueous EtOH or a large volume of H2O (it solubility at ~20o is 5%). It has max 212 and 279nm at pH 2 and 272nm at pH 12. It is an acute leukaemic agent. [Walwick et al. Proc Chem Soc (London) 84 1959, Beilstein 25 III/IV 3669.] Cytarabine Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products
- 3.4 Usage
- Used as an antineoplastic and antiviral. A selective inhibitro of DNA synthesis. Does not inhibit RNA synthesis
4. Safety and Handling
- 4.1 Symbol
- GHS07;GHS08;
- 4.1 Hazard Codes
- Xn
- 4.1 Signal Word
- Warning
- 4.1 Risk Statements
- R43;R63
- 4.1 Safety Statements
- S36/37
- 4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations
- Manufacturers, packers, and distributors of drug and drug products for human use are responsible for complying with the labeling, certification, and usage requirements as prescribed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (secs 201-902, 52 Stat. 1040 et seq., as amended; 21 U.S.C. 321-392).
- 4.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient
- log Kow = -2.46 (est)
- 4.3 Other Preventative Measures
- /PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Accidental contamination of the health-care environment, resulting in exposure of personnel, patients, visitors, and family members to hazardous substances, is prevented by maintaining the physical integrity and security of packages of hazardous drugs. 1. Access to all areas where hazardous drugs are stored is limited to specified authorized staff. 2. A method should be present for identifying to personnel those drugs that require special precautions (eg, cytotoxics). One way to accomplish this is to apply appropriate warning labels to all hazardous drug containers, shelves, and bins where the drug products are stored. ... 3. A method of identifying, for patients and family members, those drugs that require special precautions in the home should be in place. This may be accomplished in the health-care setting, by providing specific labeling for discharge medications, along with written instructions. 4. Methods for identifying shipping cartons of hazardous drugs should be required from manufacturers and distributors of these drugs. 5. Written procedures for handling damaged packages of hazardous drugs should be maintained. Personnel involved in shipping and receiving hazardous drugs should be trained in these procedures, including the proper use of protective garments and equipment. Damaged shipping cartons of hazardous drugs should be received and opened in an isolated area (eg, in a laboratory fume hood, if available, not in a vertical laminar airflow biological safety cabinet used for preparing sterile products). /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Facilities (eg, shelves, carts, counters, and trays) for storing hazardous drugs are designed to prevent breakage and to limit contamination in the event of leakage. Bins, shelves with barriers at the front, or other design features that reduce the chance of drug containers falling to the floor should be used. Hazardous drugs requiring refrigeration should be stored separately from nonhazardous drugs in individual bins designed to prevent breakage and to contain leakage. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Until the reproductive risks (or lack thereof) associated with handling hazardous drugs within a safety program have been substantiated, staff who are pregnant or breast-feeding should be allowed to avoid contact with these drugs. Policies should be in effect that provide these individuals with alternative tasks or responsibilities if they so desire. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ The pharmacy should provide access to information on toxicity, treatment of acute exposure (if available), chemical inactivators, solubility and stability of hazardous drugs (including investigational agents) used in the workplace. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Appropriate engineering controls should be in place to protect the drug product from microbial contamination and to protect personnel and the environment from the potential hazards of the product. These engineering controls should be maintained according to applicable regulations and standards. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Biological safety cabinets should be cleaned and disinfected regularly to ensure a proper environment for preparation of sterile products. For routine cleanups of surfaces between decontaminations, water should be used (for injection or irrigation) with or without a small amount of cleaner. If the contamination is soluble only in alcohol, then 70% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol may be used in addition to the cleaner. In general, alcohol is not a good cleaner, only a disinfectant, and its use in a biohazard cabinet should be limited. The biohazard cabinet should be disinfected with 70% alcohol before any aseptic manipulation is begun. The excessive use of alcohol should be avoided in biohazard cabinets where air is recirculated ... because alcohol vapors may build up in the cabinet. A lint-free, plastic-backed disposable liner may be used in the biological safety cabinet to facilitate spill cleanup. ... If used, the liner should be changed frequently ... /or/ whenever it is overtly contaminated. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ The biological safety cabinets should be decontaminated on a regular basis (ideally at least weekly) and whenever there is a spill or the biological safety cabinet is moved or serviced, including for certification. ... Currently, no single reagent will deactivate all known hazardous drugs; therefore, decontamination of a biological safety cabinet used for such drugs is limited to removal of contamination from a nondisposable surface (the cabinet) to a disposable surface (eg, gauze or towels) by use of a good cleaning agent that removes chemicals from stainless steel. The cleaning agent selected should have a pH approximating that of soap and be appropriate for stainless steel. Cleaners containing chemicals such as quaternary ammonium compounds should be used with caution, because they may be hazardous to humans and their vapors may build up in any biological safety cabinet where air is recirculated. Similar caution should be used with any pressurized aerosol cleaner; spraying a pressurized aerosol into a biological safety cabinet may disrupt the protective containment airflow, damage the high efficiency particulate air filter, and cause an accumulation of the propellant within a biological safety cabinet where air is recirculated, resulting in a fire and explosion hazard. During decontamination, the operator should wear a disposable closed front gown, disposable latex gloves covered by disposable utility gloves, safety glasses or goggles, a hair covering, and a disposable respirator, because the glass shield of the biological safety cabinet occasionally must be lifted. The blower must be left on, and only heavy toweling or gauze should be used in the biological safety cabinet to prevent it from being "sucked" up the plenum and into the high efficiency particulate air filter. Decontamination should be done from top to bottom (areas of lesser contamination to greater) by applying the cleaner, scrubbing, and rinsing thoroughly with distilled or deionized water. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ The high efficiency particulate air filters /or other exhaust scrubbing system/ of the biohazard cabinet must be replaced whenever they restrict required airflow velocity or if they are overtly contaminated (eg, by a breach in technique that causes hazardous drug to be introduced onto the clean side of the supply high efficiency particulate air filter). Personnel and environmental protection must be maintained during replacement of a contaminated high efficiency particulate air filter. Because replacement of a high efficiency particulate air filter generally requires breaking the integrity of the containment aspect of the cabinet, this procedure may release contamination from the filter into the pharmacy or intravenous preparation area if carried out in an inappropriate manner. Before replacement of a high efficiency particulate air filter contaminated with hazardous drugs, the biological safety cabinet service agent should be consulted for a mutually acceptable procedure for replacing and subsequently disposing of a contaminated high efficiency particulate air filter. One procedure would include moving the biological safety cabinet to a secluded area or using plastic barriers to segregate the contaminated area. Protective clothing and equipment must be used by the servicer. The biological safety cabinet should be decontaminated before filter replacement. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ During removal of gloves, ... avoid touching the inside of the glove or the skin with the contaminated glove fingers. ... The worker should wear a protective disposable gown made of lint free, low-permeability fabric with a solid front, long sleeves, and tight-fitting elastic or knit cuffs when preparing hazardous drugs. Washable garments are immediately penetrated by liquids and therefore provide little, if any protection. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ When double gloving, one glove should be placed under the gown cuff and one over. The glove-gown interface should be such that no skin on the arm or wrist is exposed. Gloves and gowns should not be worn outside the immediate preparation area. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Eyewash fountains should be available in areas where hazardous drugs are routinely handled. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Although noninjectable dosage forms of hazardous drugs contain varying proportions of drug to nondrug (nonhazardous) components, there is potential for personnel exposure and environmental contamination with the hazardous components. Procedures should be developed to avoid the release of aerosolized powder or liquid into the environment during manipulation of these drugs. Drugs designated as hazardous should be labeled or otherwise identified as such to prevent their improper handling. Tablet and capsule forms of these drugs should not be placed in automated counting machines, which subject them to stress and may introduce powdered contaminants into the work area. During routine handling of hazardous drugs and contaminated equipment, workers should wear one pair of gloves of good quality and thickness. The counting and pouring of hazardous drugs should be done carefully, and clean equipment dedicated for use with these drugs should be used. ... When hazardous drug tablets in unit-of-use packaging are being crushed, the package should be placed in a small sealable plastic bag and crushed with a spoon or pestle; caution should be used not to break the plastic bag. Disposal of unused or unusable oral or topical dosage forms of hazardous drugs should be performed in the same manner as for hazardous injectable dosage forms and waste. ... Hazardous drug work areas should have a sink (preferably with an eyewash fountain) and appropriate first aid equipment to treat accidental skin or eye contact according to the protocol. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ A distinctive warning label with an appropriate CAUTION statement should be attached to all hazardous drug materials, consistent with state laws and regulations. This would include, for example, syringes, IV containers, containers of unit-dose tablets and liquids, prescription vials and bottles, waste containers, and patient specimens that contain hazardous drugs. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Supplies of disposable gloves and gowns, safety glasses, disposable plastic-backed absorbent liners, gauze pads, hazardous waste disposal bags, hazardous drug warning labels, and puncture-resistant containers for disposal of needles and ampuls should be conveniently located for all areas where hazardous drugs are handled. Assembling a "hazardous drug preparation and administration kit" is one way to furnish nursing and medical personnel with the materials needed to reduce the risk of preparing and administering a hazardous drug. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Prospective temporary and permanent employees who may be required to work with hazardous drugs should be so notified and should receive adequate information about the policies and procedures pertaining to their use. This notification should be documented during the interview process and retained as part of the employment record for all employees. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ All personnel involved with the transportation, preparation, administration, and disposal of cytotoxic and hazardous substances should continually be updated on new or revised information on safe handling of cytotoxic and hazardous substances. Policies and procedures should be updated accordingly. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ The work area should be designed to provide easy access to those items necessary to prepare, label, and transport final products; contain all related waste; and avoid inadvertent contamination of the work area. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Each health-care setting should have an established first aid protocol for treating cases of direct contact with hazardous drugs, many of which are irritating or caustic and can cause tissue destruction. Medical care providers in each setting should be contacted for input into this protocol. The protocol should include immediate treatment measures and should specify the type and location of medical follow-up and work-injury reporting. Copies of the protocol, highlighting emergency measures, should be posted wherever hazardous drugs are routinely handled. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Only individuals trained to administer hazardous drugs should be allowed to perform this function. Training programs should contain information on the therapeutic and adverse effects of these drugs and the potential, long term health risk to personnel handling these drugs. Each individual's knowledge and technique should be evaluated before administration of these drugs. This should be done by written examination and direct observation of the individual's performance. /Antineoplastic agents/ - View all
- 4.4 Hazard Declaration
- H317; H361
- 4.4 Cleanup Methods
- /PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Spill kits containing all materials needed to clean up spills of hazardous drugs should be assembled or purchased. These kits should be readily available in all areas where hazardous drugs are routinely handled. If hazardous drugs are being prepared or administered in a nonroutine area (home setting or unusual patient-care area), a spill kit should be obtained by the drug handler. The kit should include two pairs of disposable gloves (one outer pair of utility gloves and one inner latex pair); low-permeability, disposable protective garments (coveralls or gown and shoe covers); safety glasses or splash goggles; respirator; absorbent, plastic-backed sheets or spill pads; disposable toweling; at least 2 sealable thick plastic hazardous waste disposal bags (prelabeled with an appropriate warning label); a disposable scoop for collecting glass fragments; and a puncture-resistant container for glass fragments. All individuals who routinely handle hazardous drugs must be trained in proper spill management and cleanup procedures. Spills and breakages must be cleaned up immediately according to the following procedures. If the spill is not located in a confined space, the spill area should be identified and other people should be prevented from approaching and spreading the contamination. Wearing protective apparel from the spill kit, workers should remove any broken glass fragments and place them in the puncture-resistant container. Liquids should be absorbed with a spill pad; powder should be removed with damp disposable gauze pads or soft toweling. The hazardous material should be completely removed and the area rinsed with water and then cleaned with detergent. The spill cleanup should proceed progressively from areas of lesser to greater contamination. The detergent should be thoroughly rinsed and removed. All contaminated materials should be placed in the disposal bags provided and sealed and transported to a designated containment receptacle. Spills occurring in the biohazard cabinet should be cleaned up immediately; a spill kit should be used if the volume exceeds 150 ml or the contents of one drug vial or ampule. If there is broken glass, utility gloves should be worn to remove it and place it in the puncture-resistant container located in the biohazard cabinet. The biological safety cabinet, including the drain spillage trough, should be thoroughly cleaned. If the spill is not easily and thoroughly contained, the biological safety cabinet should be decontaminated after cleanup. If the spill contaminates the high efficiency particulate air filter, use of the biological safety cabinet should be suspended until the cabinet has been decontaminated and the high efficiency particulate air filter replaced. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ If hazardous drugs are routinely prepared or administered in carpeted areas, special equipment is necessary to remove the spill. Absorbent powder should be substituted for pads or sheets and left in place on the spill for the time recommended by the manufacturer. The powder should then be picked up with a small vacuum unit reserved for hazardous drug cleanup. The carpet should then be cleaned according to usual procedures. The vacuum bag should be removed and discarded or cleaned, and the exterior of the vacuum cleaner should be washed with detergent and rinsed before being covered and stored. The contaminated powder should be discarded into a sealable plastic bag and segregated with other contaminated waste materials. Alternatively, inexpensive wet or dry vacuum units may be purchased for this express use and used with appropriate cleaners. All such units are contaminated, once used, and must be cleaned, stored, and ultimately discarded /properly/ ... The circumstances and handling of spills should be documented. Health-care personnel exposed during spill management should also complete an incident report or exposure form. /Antineoplastic agents/ - View all
- 4.5 DisposalMethods
- SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ All contaminated disposables should be contained in sealable bags for transfer to larger waste containers. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ All bottles must be discarded as contaminated waste after decontamination of the biohazard cabinet. All protective apparel (gown, gloves, goggles, and respirator) should be discarded as contaminated waste. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ The contaminated filters must be removed, bagged in thick plastic and prepared for disposal in a hazardous waste dump site or incinerator licensed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ The gown should be removed and placed in a sealable container before removal of the inner gloves. The inner gloves should be removed last and placed in the container with the gown. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Hazardous drug waste should be placed in specially marked (specifically labeled CAUTION: HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE) thick plastic bags or leakproof containers. These receptacles should be kept in all areas where the drugs are commonly used. All and only hazardous drug waste should be placed in them. Receptacles used for glass fragments, needles, and syringes should be puncture resistant. Hazardous drug waste should not be mixed with any other waste. Waste containers should be handled with uncontaminated gloves. ... Gloves, gowns, drug vials, etc, should be sealed in specially labeled (CAUTION: HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE) thick plastic bags or leakproof containers. ... All hazardous waste collected from drug preparation and patient-care areas should be held in a secure place in labeled, leakproof drums or cartons (as required by state or local regulation or disposal contractor) until disposal. This waste should be disposed of as hazardous or toxic waste in an EPA-permitted state-licensed hazardous waste incinerator. Transport to an offsite incinerator should be done by a contractor licensed to handle and transport hazardous waste. ... If access to an appropriately licensed incinerator is not available, transport to and burial in an EPA-licensed hazardous waste dump site is an acceptable alternative. While there are concerns that destruction of carcinogens by incineration may be incomplete, newer technologies and stringent licensing criteria have improved this disposal method. ... Chemical deactivation of hazardous drugs should be undertaken only by individuals who are thoroughly familiar with the chemicals and the procedures required to complete such a task. The IARC recently published a monograph describing methods for chemical destruction of some cytotoxic (antineoplastic) drugs in the laboratory setting. The chemicals and equipment described, however, are not generally found in the clinical setting, and many of the deactivating chemicals are toxic and hazardous. Most procedures require the use of a chemical fume hood. The procedures are generally difficult, and the deactivation is not always complete. Serious consideration should be given to the negative aspects of chemical deactivation before one commits to such a course of action. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Regulatory agencies such as the EPA and state solid and hazardous waste agencies and local air and water quality control boards must be consulted regarding the classification and appropriate disposal of drugs that are defined as hazardous or toxic chemicals. EPA categorizes several of the antineoplastic agents as toxic wastes, while many states are more stringent and include as carcinogens certain cytotoxic drugs and hormonal preparations. EPA also allows exemptions from toxic waste regulations for small quantity generators, whereas certain states do not. It is critical to research these regulations when disposal procedures are being established. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ If the biological safety cabinets is equipped with a drainpipe and valve, it may be used to collect rinse water. The collection vessel used must fit well around the drain valve and not allow splashing. Gauze may be used around the connection to prevent aerosol from escaping. The collection vessel must have a tight fitting cover, and all rinse water (gauze, if used) must be disposed of as contaminated waste. /Antineoplastic agents/ - View all
- 4.6 RIDADR
- NONH for all modes of transport
- 4.6 Safety Profile
- Moderate to low toxicity byingestion. Human systemic effects: allergic dermatitis,ataxia, blood changes, central nervous system effectsconjunctive irritation, degenerative brain changes, hearingacuity change, lachrymation, peripheral nervefasciculati
- 4.7 Caution Statement
- P280
- 4.7 Formulations/Preparations
- DepoCyt is available in 5 mL, ready-to-use, single-use vials containing 50 mg of cytarabine. DepoCyt is formulated as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, white to off-white suspension of cytarabine in Sodium Chloride 0.9% w/v in Water for Injection. DepoCyt is preservative-free. Cytarabine, the active ingredient, is present at a concentration of 10 mg/mL and is encapsulated in the particles. Inactive ingredients at their respective approximate concentrations are cholesterol, 4.1 mg/mL; triolein, 1.2 mg/mL; dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 5.7 mg/mL; and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), 1.0 mg/mL. The pH of the product falls within the range from 5.5 to 8.5. /Cytarabine liposome injection/
- 4.8 WGK Germany
- 3
- 4.8 RTECS
- HA5425000
- 4.8 Protective Equipment and Clothing
- /PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Protective apparel: Disposable closed-front gown or coveralls, disposable utility gloves over disposable latex gloves, NIOSH-approved air-purifying half-mask respirator equipped with a high efficiency filter, and eye protection should be worn. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Class 100 clean-air work stations, both horizontal and vertical airflow (with no containment characteristics), are inappropriate engineering controls for handling hazardous drugs because they provide no personnel protection and permit environmental contamination. Although there are no engineering controls designed specifically for the safe handling of hazardous chemicals as sterile products, Class II contained vertical-flow biological safety cabinets (biohazard cabinets) have been adopted for this use. Biohazard cabinetry is, however, designed for the handling of infectious agents, not hazardous chemicals. ... Based on design, ease of use, and cost considerations, Class II contained-vertical-flow biohazard cabinetry is currently recommended for use in preparing sterile doses of hazardous drugs. Class II cabinetry design and performance specifications are defined in NSF Standard 49. Biological safety cabinets selected for use with hazardous drugs should meet NSF Standard 49 specifications to ensure the maximum protection from these engineering controls. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Workers should wear powder free, disposable surgical latex gloves of good quality when preparing hazardous drugs. Selection criteria for gloves should include thickness (especially at the fingertips where stress is the greatest), fit, length, and tactile sensation. ... The practice of double gloving is supported by research that indicates that many glove materials vary in drug permeability even within lots; therefore, double gloving is recommended. ... In general, surgical latex gloves fit better, have appropriate elasticity for double gloving and maintaining the integrity of the glove-gown interface, and have sufficient tactile sensation (even during double gloving) for stringent aseptic procedures. ... Powdered gloves should be avoided. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ Workers who are not protected by the containment environment of a biohazard cabinet should use respiratory protection when handling hazardous drugs. Respiratory protection should be an adjunct to and not a substitute for engineering controls. Surgical masks of all types provide no respiratory protection against powdered or liquid aerosols of hazardous drugs. In situations where workers may be exposed to potential eye contact with hazardous drugs, an appropriate plastic face shield or splash goggles should be worn. /Antineoplastic agents/
/PRECAUTIONS FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS:/ During compounding of hazardous drugs (eg, crushing, dissolving, and preparing an ointment), workers should wear low permeability gowns and double gloves. Compounding should take place in a protective area such as a disposable glove box. If compounding must be done in the open, an area away from drafts and traffic must be selected, and the worker should use appropriate respiratory protection. /Antineoplastic agents/ - View all
- 4.9 Toxicity
-
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- HA5425000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Cytosine, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 147-94-4
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199806
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 122
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C9-H13-N3-O5
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 243.25
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- T6NVNJ DZ A- BT5OTJ CQ DQ E1Q
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 60 mg/kg/90W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Ear) - change in acuity
Behavioral - ataxia
Blood - changes in spleen
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6480 ug/kg/12D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Blood - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - child
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 33200 ug/kg/240D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature increase
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 17241 mg/kg/6D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, allergic (after systemic exposure)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 720 mg/kg/3D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 649 mg/kg/4D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - fasciculations
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1536 mg/kg/43W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - fasciculations
Behavioral - ataxia
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 23500 ug/kg/7D-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - conjunctive irritation
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >5 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >5 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >5 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >5 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3150 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3779 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >10 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- >7 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 875 mg/kg/5W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - changes in spleen weight
Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 300 mg/kg/5D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Blood - changes in bone marrow (not otherwise specified)
Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count
Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 280 mg/kg/7D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Gastrointestinal - other changes
Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Primate - monkey
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 280 mg/kg/7D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - food intake (animal)
Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea
Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2500 mg/kg/7W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease
Skin and Appendages - tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4836 mg/kg/26W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors
Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 100 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 20 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 50 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial
(including nose and tongue)
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 30 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 7500 ug/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 75 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 18-20 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4
per # born alive)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 90 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 9-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus)
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 360 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 9-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., #
alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 180 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 9-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- DOSE :
- 50 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured
before birth)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 5 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including
somatic cell genetic material)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 60 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 13-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured
before birth)
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., #
alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 5 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial
(including nose and tongue)
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 25 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or
resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 33 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 1 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material,
sperm morphology, motility, and count)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 60 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 13-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 50 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4
per # born alive)
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight
gain)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 80 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or
resorbed implants per total number of implants)
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial
(including nose and tongue)
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 45 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 18 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., #
alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- DOSE :
- 9 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-12 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus)
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Parenteral
- DOSE :
- 60 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 13-14 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight
gain)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Specific locus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Specific locus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Micronucleus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Micronucleus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Unscheduled DNA synthesis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- DNA inhibition
- TYPE OF TEST :
- DNA inhibition
- TYPE OF TEST :
- DNA inhibition
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Sister chromatid exchange
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Dominant lethal test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Sperm Morphology
- TYPE OF TEST :
- DNA inhibition
MUTATION DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Mammal - species unspecified Fibroblast
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 15 umol/L
- REFERENCE :
- MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE
Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 178,73,1987
*** REVIEWS ***
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
32XPAD "Teratology," Berry, C.L., and D.E. Poswillo, eds., New York,
Springer, 1975 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,49,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ARVPAX Annual Review of Pharmacology. (Palo Alto, CA) V.1-15, 1961-75. For
publisher information, see ARPTDI. Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,447,1965
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CRTXB2 CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. (CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate
Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431) V.1- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year:
2,159,1973
*** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA ***
NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA :
NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983)
NOES Hazard Code - X3689
No. of Facilities: 450 (estimated)
No. of Industries: 1
No. of Occupations: 7
No. of Employees: 18673 (estimated)
No. of Female Employees: 12859 (estimated)
- View all
5. MSDS
2.Hazard identification
2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Skin sensitization, Category 1
Reproductive toxicity, Category 2
2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements
| Pictogram(s) |   |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statement(s) | H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction H361 Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
| Precautionary statement(s) | |
| Prevention | P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P272 Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P201 Obtain special instructions before use. P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. |
| Response | P302+P352 IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water/... P333+P313 If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P321 Specific treatment (see ... on this label). P362+P364 Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. P308+P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/ attention. |
| Storage | P405 Store locked up. |
| Disposal | P501 Dispose of contents/container to ... |
2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification
none
7. Synthesis Route
147-94-4Total: 28 Synthesis Route
9. Other Information
- 9.0 Merck
- 14,2784
- 9.1 BRN
- 89175
- 9.2 Antiviral drugs
- Cytarabine is a kind of purine nucleoside-class antiviral chemical synthesis that initially extracted from the medium of streptomyces, and then produced from chemical synthesis. It is a white crystalline powder and is very slightly soluble in water. Its monophosphate ester is easily soluble in water. It has inhibitory effect on various kinds of DNA virus such as Herpes simplex virus HSV1 and HSV2, hepatitis B virus, varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus however has no effect on the smallpox virus, adenovirus, and other kinds of DNA or RNA viruses, bacteria and fungi. The exact mechanism of the antiviral effect of cytarabine is currently not fully understood. The mechanism is primarily related to inhibition of viral replication. The drugs and their metabolites can inhibit the viral DNA synthesis through inhibiting viral DNA polymerase while only a very small amount of the drug itself is incorporated into the viral DNA molecule. In the human body, the antiviral effect of the drugs only partially depends on the host immune function with drugs having no immunosuppression effect. Upon intravenous administration in vivo, 75% to 87% of the drug quickly deaminized into arabinose hypoxanthine through the action of deadenylated deoxygenase, Arabinose hypoxanthine has a significant lower antiviral activity than the prototype, and is rapidly distributed in some parts of the tissues; administer 10 mg of drugs per kg of body weight; the peak value of the plasma concentration of arabinose hypoxanthine is 3~6μ/ml while the peak value of plasma concentration of vidarabine is 0.2~0.4μg/ml. Arabinose hypoxanthine can penetrate through the blood-brain barrier with the cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations being approximately 1/3 of plasma drug concentration. 41% to 53% of the daily dosage is excreted through urinary in the form of arabinose hypoxanthine. 1% to 3% is excreted out in the form of prototype. Cytarabine is clinically mainly used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis as well as being used for treating the herpes zoster and chicken pox of immunosuppressed patients but is invalid in treating cytomegalovirus. It also has certain pharmacological activity of inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication. Topical medication is applied to the treatment of herpes simplex virus keratitis and occasionally used for treating vaccinia virus keratitis.
- View all
- 9.3 Anti-tumor drug
- Cytarabine is currently one of the most effective drugs in clinical treatment of acute non-lymphatic myeloid leukaemia. It was first successfully synthesized in 1959 f, and is also presented in the sponge. In 1961, it was found that it has inhibitor effect on in mice S180 sarcoma and leukemia L1210. Cross resistance phenomenon was not observed in animal experiments for cytarabine being used in combination with conventional antineoplastic agents such as 6-thioguanine, methotrexate, prednisone, vincristine, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, methyl cellosolve acetate gag, fluorouracil and mercaptopurine. This drug belongs to pyrimidine-type anti-metabolite class of anti-tumor agents and having cell cycle specificity with s-phase cells being most sensitive to it. It interferes with the cell proliferation through inhibiting the intracellular DNA synthesis. After entering into the human body, cytarabine is converted into cytarabine triphosphate and cytarabine diphosphate through the phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by kinase. The former one can strongly inhibits the synthesis of DNA polymerase while the later one is capable of inhibiting the conversion between cytidine diphosphate to deoxycytidine diphosphate and thereby inhibiting the synthesis and polymerization of cellular DNA. However, its Inhibitory effect on RNA and protein synthesis is very slight.
It is clinically mainly applied to the treatment of the induction stage and maintenance and consolidation phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-lymphocytic leukemia, the acute transformation phase of chronic myeloid leukemia and malignant lymphoma. In ophthalmology, it is for the treatment of viral conjunctivitis and epidemic keratitis. It also has certain efficacy in the treatment of head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and lung cancer; In addition, the drug also has inhibitory effect on the proliferation of herpes simplex virus, smallpox virus, and vaccinia virus as well as the immune response of the body. - View all
- 9.4 Pharmacokinetics
- The oral administration of drugs yield a low absorption amount, and is also extremely easy to get deaminated and lose function in the action of the cytosine deaminase in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Therefore, it is not recommended to subject to oral administration. It can be absorbed through intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intrathecal injection. After intravenous injection, it can be widely distributed in the body fluids, tissues and cells. After intravenous infusion of the drug, there is a moderate amount of drugs which can penetrate through the blood-brain barrier with the cerebrospinal fluid drug concentration being about 40% of the plasma concentration. The drug is mainly metabolized in tissues such as liver and kidney. It is quickly deaminated by the cytosine deaminase to form the inactive uracil arabinoside. In the cerebrospinal fluid, due to relative low content of the deaminase, the domination reaction is very slow. For intravenous administration, the half-life of α-phase is 10 to 15 minutes, with beta phase being 2 to 2.5 hours; for intrathecal administration, the half-life can be extended to 11 hours. Within 24 hours, among the given drug, about 10% of drug is excreted through the kidney while the rest 90% is excreted in the form of uracil cytarabine.
- View all
- 9.5 Dosing instructions
- 1. Upon administration of cytarabine, we should appropriately increase the fluid intake of the patient, so that the urine can be maintained basic. If necessary, the patient can also administer allopurinol in combination in order to prevent the increase of bleeding uric acid and uric acid nephropathy.
2. Though it can cause severe adverse reactions such as nauseas and vomiting upon rapid intravenous injection, the drug has relative slight effect on bone marrow suppression which can be generally tolerated by the patients.
3. The intravenous infusion solution should be diluted to 0.5mg/ml.
4. The prepared injection solution can be stored on the at 4 ℃ (refrigerator) for about seven days. However, at room temperature, it can only be stored for 24 hours.
5. For intrathecal injection of drug, the diluted solution should be free of preservatives.
6. Upon adopting moderate dose or high-dose cytarabine for therapy, some patients may get severe adverse reaction in gastrointestinal and nervous system such as gastrointestinal ulcers, gastrointestinal cystic gas, necrotizing enterocolitis, peripheral neuropathy, brain or cerebellar dysfunction such as personality changes, hypotonia, epilepsy, lethargy, stupor, disorientation, nystagmus, dysarthria, and ataxia; Moreover, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, skin rashes, hair loss, peeling, severe myocardial disease can also occur.
7. Upon the emergence of various kinds of serious adverse reactions, the drug administration should be discontinued immediately with taking effective measures immediately for treatment. Some patients can be given adrenocorticotropic hormone which may alleviate the adverse reactions caused by moderate-dose or high-dose cytarabine. - View all
- 9.6 Dosage
- Adult Usage:
1, the induction therapy of acute leukemia: often applied in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, 1~3mg/kg each time, intravenous infusion, q: 12h, continuously administer for 5 to 7 days. Repeat at a interval of 1 to 2 weeks.
2, Moderate, large reduction therapy: this is commonly used in the intensive treatment of refractory or relapsed acute leukemia or acute leukemia after remission. For moderate dose: administer 500~1000mg/m2 per time, intravenous infusion of 1 to 3 hours, q12h, 2~6 day as a course. Large doses means 1000~3000mg /m2 per time with similar usage as for moderate dosage. Owing to that the adverse reaction is enhanced with increased dose cytarabine, large doses mainly in turn negatively affect its efficacy, thereby it is now more in favor of moderate dosage protocol.
3, subcutaneous injection: 10mg/m2 per time, q12h, 14~21 as a course of treatment. If the symptom is not alleviated and the patient's condition allows, the treatment can be repeated for another course after 2 to 3 weeks. This protocol can be used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with increased amount of original cells, low proliferative leukemia, and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia of elderly patients.
4, intrathecal injection: for treating meningeal leukemia, administer 25~75 mg per time; together with 5 mg of dexamethasone; subject to intrathecal injection after using NS for dissolving; administer 1 or 2 times per week until the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination becomes normal. For preventive medicine purpose, administer 1 time in every 4 to 8 weeks.
For children usage: acute leukemia induction therapy, 100mg/(m2 ? d), continuously administer for 5 to 7 days. - View all
- 9.7 Side effects
- Digestive System: common adverse reactions include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, stomatitis and gastrointestinal ulcers. Some patients get abnormal liver function, elevated level of bilirubin and aminotransferase. Large-dose treatment can cause significant liver dysfunction and jaundice; it can cause the occlusion of central vein of liver and vein of liver lobule, resulting in jaundice, hepatomegaly, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy.
Blood system: bone marrow suppression increases with increased dose; exhibit as the decrease of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
Local reactions: pain at the infusion site and thrombophlebitis mostly disappear after stopping; there are still occasionally reactions such as itching and rashes; treatment of topical ophthalmic drugs can often cause temporary burning, itching and other mild irritation and can also cause tears, foreign body sensation, conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratitis, pain, photophobia and other reactions.
Central nervous system: occasional discomfort, fatigue, tremors, dizziness, hallucinations, psychotic symptoms and fuzzy sense. These adverse reactions are dose-related and usually disappear after stopping drug. Cases of headache and encephalopathy have also been reported with the later often being difficult for distinguish from protopathy disease can often occurs in the patients with liver and kidney dysfunction.
Overdose performance: when the daily administered cytarabine dose is higher than 20mg/kg, bone marrow suppression can occur; once overdose occur, the patients need to subject to close monitor of the blood system and changes in liver and kidney function .
Other adverse reactions: transient increase in alanine aminotransferase is often observed. Increase of serum total bilirubin also occurs occasionally. Dizziness, fever, hair loss, rash, etc., can also occur. Moreover, it can result in male reproductive dysfunction. Patients of allergy, pregnant women and lactating women should be disabled. Patients with decreased white blood cell count and decreased platelet counts decreased significantly, biliary tract disease, history of gout or urate kidney stones, and who have recently received cytotoxic drugs or radiation therapy, as well as with liver and kidney dysfunction should take with caution. - View all
- 9.8 Function
- Ara-C inserts into DNA, and forms complex with topoisomerase I (topoisomerase I) to inhibit DNA replication, causing DNA cleavage. It can’t inhibit RNA synthesis. It can be used as anti-leukemia substance for being used in various types of acute leukemia.
- 9.9 Category
- Toxic Substances
- 9.10 Toxicity grading
- Poisoning
- 9.11 Acute toxicity
- Oral-rat: LD50> 5000 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 3150 mg/kg
- 9.12 Stimulus data
- Skin-people 45 mg/3 weeks, moderate, three weeks; eyes-people 105 mg/7 days Skin allergy agent
- 9.13 Flammability hazard characteristics
- Combustible; combustion produces toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides
- 9.14 Storage Characteristics
- Treasury: ventilation, low-temperature and drying; store it separately from food raw materials
- 9.15 Extinguishing agent
- Dry powder, foam, sand, carbon dioxide, water spray
- 9.16 Chemical Properties
- A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and in methylene chloride.
- 9.17 Originator
- Cytosar,Upjohn,US,1969
- 9.18 Uses
- Used as an antineoplastic and antiviral. A selective inhibitro of DNA synthesis. Does not inhibit RNA synthesis
- 9.19 Uses
- antineoplastic, antiviral, antimetabolite
- 9.20 Uses
- Cytarabine USP (Cytosar)is used to treat Acute granulocytic leukemia (adults); acute lymphocytic leukemia (children); Hodgkin’s disease
- 9.21 Definition
- ChEBI: A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to D-arabinofuranose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond.
- 9.22 Indications
- Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ara-C, Cytosar-U) is an analogue of the pyrimidine nucleosides cytidine and deoxycytidine. It is one of the most active agents available for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. Cytarabine kills cells in the S-phase of the cycle by competitively inhibiting DNA polymerase. The drug must first be activated by pyrimidine nucleoside kinases to the triphosphate nucleotide ara-cytosine triphosphate (ara-CTP). The susceptibility of tumor cells to cytarabine is thought to be a reflection of their ability to activate the drug more rapidly (by kinases) than to inactivate it (by deaminases).
- 9.23 Manufacturing Process
- (A) Preparation of 1- (2,3,5-Tri-O-Acetyl-β-D-Arabinofuranosyl)-4-Thiouracil: A mixture of 1.85 g (5.0 mmol) of 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-arabinofuranosyl) uracil, 1.23 g (5.55 mmol) of phosphorus pentasulfide, and 30 ml of pyridine was heated under gentle reflux for 2.5 hours with exclusion of moisture. The reaction mixture was cooled, and the supernatant solution was transferred by means of a pipette into a mixture of crushed ice and water. The reaction flask was washed twice with pyridine, and these washings were added to the icewater mixture. This mixture was kept at about 25°C until the ice had melted, and was then stored at 0°C for one hour. A pale yellow precipitate that formed was collected on a filter, washed with ice-water, and dried in air.
This material was triturated with chloroform, and the chloroform mixture was filtered. A small amount of undissolved material collected on the filter and it was washed with chloroform. The chloroform solution (filtrate plus washings) was washed three times with ice-water, twice with ice-cold 3 N sulfuric acid, twice with ice-cold saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, twice with ice-water, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The chloroform was removed under reduced pressure at a bath temperature of about 40°C, leaving a yellow, somewhat gummy residue. This yellow residue was dissolved in absolute methanol which was then evaporated at reduced pressure at about 40°C, and the residue was then held for 2 hours at 0.5 to 2.0 mm pressure and a bath temperature of about 50°C. There was thus obtained 1.69 g of 1- (2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-4-thiouracil.
(B) Preparation of 1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine: In a glass liner, a mixture of 1.16 g (3.0 mmol) of 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-4- thiouracil prepared in (A) and about 60 ml of absolute methanol which had been saturated with anhydrous ammonia at 0°C was heated in a steel bomb at 98° to 105°C for 35 hours. After cooling to about 25°C and venting the bomb, the dark solution was filtered into a round-bottom flask. The methanol and excess ammonia were then removed under reduced pressure at about 25°C. The residual syrup was dissolved in absolute methanol, and the methanol was removed under reduced pressure at a bath temperature of about 40°C. This procedure of dissolving in absolute methanol and removing the solvent was repeated, and the residue was held under reduced pressure at a bath temperature of 45°C for 12 hours.
The resulting semisolid was triturated thoroughly with absolute methanol, and the resulting suspension was chilled at 0°C. A pale tan solid that separated was collected on a filter and washed repeatedly with methanol. After washing with anhydrous ether, there was obtained 430 mg of 1-β-Darabinofuranosylcytosine.
(C) Preparation of 1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine Hydrochloride: The absolute methanolic filtrate obtained after triturating and filtering the 1-β-Darabinofuranosylcytosine in (B) above was warmed and stirred with decolorizing charcoal. The mixture was filtered through a bed of filter aid, and the filter bed was washed repeatedly with absolute methanol. The combined filtrate and washings were pale yellow. The solution was diluted to faint cloudiness with anhydrous ether, and an excess of anhydrous hydrogen chloride was introduced. Crystallization began at about 25°C and further crystallization was induced by chilling at 0°C for 14 hours. The crystalline product was collected on a filter, washed with anhydrous ether, and dried in air. There was thus obtained 180 mg of pale yellow 1-β-Darabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride melting at 186° to 189°C.
The pale yellow product was dissolved in warm, absolute methanol, and the solution after mixing with decolorizing charcoal was filtered through a bed of filter aid. The filter bed was washed with warm absolute methanol, and the combined methanolic filtrate and washings were warmed and diluted with anhydrous ether to incipient crystallization. The methanol-ether mixture was kept at about 25°C for about 1 hour and then chilled, first at 0°C, and then at -20°C. The resulting colorless needles were collected on a filter, washed with anhydrous ether, and dried at 85°C, yielding 100 mg of 1-β-Darabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride having a melting point of 186° to 188°C. - View all
- 9.24 Brand name
- Cytosar-U (Sicor); Depocyt (Skyepharma).
- 9.25 Therapeutic Function
- Cancer chemotherapy
- 9.26 General Description
- Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside drug that is related toidoxuridine. This agent is primarily used as an anticanceragent for Burkitt lymphoma and myeloid and lymphaticleukemias. Cytarabine blocks the cellular utilization of deoxycytidine,hence inhibiting the replication of viral DNA.Before it becomes active, the drug is converted to monophosphates,diphosphates, and triphosphates, which block DNApolymerase and the C-2 reductase that converts cytidinediphosphate into the deoxy derivative.
The antiviral use of cytarabine is in the treatment of herpeszoster (shingles), herpetic keratitis, and viral infectionsthat resist idoxuridine. Cytarabine is usually administeredtopically. Toxicity occurs on bone marrow, the gastrointestinal(GI) tract, and the kidneys.
- 9.27 General Description
- The drug is available in 100-, 500-, 1,000-, and 2,000-mgmultidose vials for IV use. Cytarabine is used in the treatmentof acute myelogenous leukemia and CML. This drugis a deoxycytidine analog originally isolated from thesponge Cryptothethya crypta. It is active following intracellularactivation to the nucleotide metabolite ara-CTP. Theresulting ara-CTP is incorporated into DNA resulting inchain termination and inhibition of DNA synthesis andfunction. Resistance can occur because of decreased activationor transport and increased catabolic breakdown.Metabolic breakdown within the GI tract leads to poorbioavailability. The drug distributes rapidly into tissues andtotal body water with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levelsreaching 20% to 40% of those in plasma. Cytidine deaminaseis the primary catabolic enzyme involved in the inactivationof cytarabine. Drug interactions include antagonismof the effects of gentamicin, decreasing the oral bioavailabilityof digoxin, as well as enhancing the cytotoxicity ofvarious alkylating agents, cisplatin, and ionizing radiation.
Toxicities include myelosuppression, leukopenia andthrombocytopenia, nausea and vomiting anorexia, diarrhea,and mucositis. Neurotoxicity is usually expressed as ataxia,lethargy, and confusion. An allergic reaction often describedin pediatric patients includes fever, myalgia, malaise, bonepain, skin rash, conjunctivitis, and chest pain.Pretreatment with methotrexate enhances the formation ofara-CTP metabolites resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity. - View all
- 9.28 General Description
- Colorless crystals. Used as an antiviral agent.
- 9.29 Air & Water Reactions
- Water soluble.
- 9.30 Health Hazard
- ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: Very toxic. Hazardous decomposition products. May cause irritation on contact. Teratogen. Mutagen. Central nervous system effects.
- 9.31 Biochem/physiol Actions
- Ara-C incorporates into DNA and inhibits DNA replication by forming cleavage complexes with topoisomerase I resulting in DNA fragmentation; does not inhibit RNA synthesis. Anti-leukemia agent.
- 9.32 Mechanism of action
- Cytarabine is rapidly metabolized in the liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, and red blood cells and has a half-life in plasma of only 10 minutes after intravenous bolus injection. The major metabolite, uracil arabinoside (ara-U), can be detected in the blood shortly after cytarabine administration. About 80% of a given dose is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, with less than 10% appearing as cytarabine; the remainder is ara-U.When the drug is given by continuous infusion, cytarabine levels in CSF approach 40% of those in plasma.
- 9.33 Clinical Use
- Cytarabine is used in the chemotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia, usually in combination with an anthracycline agent, thioguanine, or both. It is less useful in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the lymphomas and has no known activity against other tumors. It has been used intrathecally in the treatment of meningeal leukemias and lymphomas as an alternative to methotrexate.
- 9.34 Safety Profile
- Moderate to low toxicity byingestion. Human systemic effects: allergic dermatitis,ataxia, blood changes, central nervous system effectsconjunctive irritation, degenerative brain changes, hearingacuity change, lachrymation, peripheral nervefasciculati
- 9.35 Chemical Synthesis
- Cytarabine, 4-amino-1-β-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)pyrimidone (30.1.3.8), is made from 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil by preliminary acylation of the hydroxyl group, forming a triacetyl derivative (30.1.3.6), and subsequent replacement of the carbonyl group at position 4 of the pyrimidine ring with a thiocarbonyl group using phosphorous pentachloride, and finally replacing the mercapto group of 30.1.3.7 with an amino group using ammonia and simultaneous hydrolysis of the acetyl-substituted groups, giving cytarabine (30.1.3.8).
- 9.36 Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
- In veterinary medicine, cytarabine is used primarily in small animals as an antineoplastic agent for lymphoreticular neoplasms, myeloproliferative disease (leukemias), and CNS lymphoma. Refer to the Dosages below or the Protocols (in the appendix), for more information.
- 9.37 Purification Methods
- Purify cytarabin by recrystallisation from aqueous EtOH or a large volume of H2O (it solubility at ~20o is 5%). It has max 212 and 279nm at pH 2 and 272nm at pH 12. It is an acute leukaemic agent. [Walwick et al. Proc Chem Soc (London) 84 1959, Beilstein 25 III/IV 3669.]
10. Computational chemical data
- Molecular Weight: 243.21662g/mol
- Molecular Formula: C9H13N3O5
- Compound Is Canonicalized: True
- XLogP3-AA: null
- Exact Mass: 243.08552052
- Monoisotopic Mass: 243.08552052
- Complexity: 383
- Rotatable Bond Count: 2
- Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
- Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
- Topological Polar Surface Area: 129
- Heavy Atom Count: 17
- Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
- Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
- Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
- Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
- Isotope Atom Count: 0
- Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
- CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADccBzOAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAASAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHgAQCAAACBThgAYBAANABgCoACJmdACAAAEAAgAIAAAYABCDEAIAgAAOQAAHFgITAADwMAIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
11. Question & Answer
-
The chemical name of Cytarabine is 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, also known as Cytarabine, abbreviated as Ara-C. What is the purpose of Cytarabine? Cytarabine is an antiviral drug used for anti-tu..
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Cytarabine is a commonly used medication widely used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). So, what are the prominent product features of Cytarabine? This artic..
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Cytarabine is an oral anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clot formation. Approved indications in China: used in adult patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery to prevent venous thromboe..
-
Cytarabine is an organic compound that is primarily used as a pyrimidine antimetabolite during the S phase of the cell cycle. It inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the synthesis of cell D..
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