3D Mol Similar

Aluminum oxide

: Iupac Name：dialuminum;oxygen(2-); CAS No.: 1344-28-1; Molecular Weight：101.961276; Modify Date.: 2022-11-16 22:22; Introduction:
Aluminum oxide, with the chemical formula Al2O3 and CAS registry number 1344-28-1, is a compound known for its wide range of applications. It is a white solid, also referred to as alumina, and is characterized by its high melting point and hardness. Aluminum oxide is commonly used as an abrasive material in sandpaper and grinding wheels due to its hardness. It is also used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions and as a filler in ceramics and plastics. Additionally, aluminum oxide is a key component in the production of aluminum metal, as it is used as a raw material in the electrolytic process. Overall, aluminum oxide is a versatile compound with diverse industrial uses.
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1. Names and Identifiers

: 1.1 Name; Aluminum oxide; 1.2 Synonyms; 3h-phenoxazine,actinomycindderiv. activated alumina Al2O3 Alumina Alumina A, Activity: I Alumina A, Activity: Super I Alumina B, Active Alumina B, Activity: Super I Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxide,acidic,Brockmann I Aluminium oxide,neutral Aluminium oxide,neutral,Brockmann I Aluminium oxide,weakly acidic,Brockmann I Aluminium(III) oxide Aluminum Oxide, Basic, Brockmann Activity Grade I Aluminum oxide, Drysphere? desiccant, Without indicator Aluminum Oxide, Neutral, Brockmann Activity Grade I Aluminum Oxide, Neutral-H15152 Brockmann 1 dialuminium trioxide EINECS 215-691-6 MFCD00003424; View all

1.3 CAS No.: 1344-28-1

1.4 CID: 9989226

1.5 EINECS(EC#): 215-691-6

1.6 Molecular Formula: Al2O3 (isomer)

1.7 Inchi: InChI=1S/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2

1.8 InChIkey: PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

1.9 Canonical Smiles: [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3]

1.10 Isomers Smiles: [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3]

2. Properties

2.1 Density: 3.97

2.1 Melting point: 2050℃

2.1 Boiling point: 2980℃

2.1 Refractive index: Index of refraction: 1.768, 1.760

2.1 Flash Point: 2980°C

2.1 Precise Quality: 101.947823

2.1 PSA: 85.5

2.1 logP: 0.31860

2.1 Solubility: Miscible with ethanol.

2.2 Appearance: white odorless crystalline powder

2.3 Storage: Aluminum oxide should be stored in a well-closed container in acool, dry, place. It is very hygroscopic.

2.4 Chemical Properties: Vary according to the method of prepa-ration. White powder, balls, or lumps of variousmesh.Insoluble in water, dif-ficultly soluble in mineral acids and strong alkali.Noncombustible.

2.5 Physical Properties: Regular aluminum oxide is white and has a chemical composition of approximately 95 % Al2O3, 1.5 % SiO2, less than 0.5 % Fe2O3, and 3 % TiO2. Because of very slow cooling in the Higgins furnace, the crystals of alumina are coarse, averaging 10 – 15mm in diameter.

2.6 Color/Form: White to pink

2.7 Odor: Odorless

2.8 PH: 7.0±0.5 ( in H2O)

2.9 Water Solubility: INSOLUBLE

2.10 StorageTemp: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 Definition: The mineral corundumis natural aluminum oxide, and emery, ruby, andsapphire are impure crystalline varieties. The mixedmineral bauxite is a hydrated aluminum oxide.

3.2 General Description: White odorless crystalline powder. Water insoluble. Properties (both physical and chemical) vary according to the method of preparation; different methods give different crystalline modifications. The variety formed at very high temperature is quite inert chemically.

3.3 Polymerization: Ethylene oxide may polymerize violently when in contact with highly catalytic surfaces such as ... the pure oxides of aluminum.

3.4 Potential Exposure: Most hazardous exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Aluminum is mostly produced by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Aluminum is alloyed with copper, zinc, silicon, magnesium, manganese, and nickel; special additives may include chromium, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, and vanadium. Aluminum and its alloys can be extruded or processed in rolling mills, wire works, forges, or foundries; and are used in the shipbuilding, electrical, building, aircraft, automobile, light engineering, and jewelry industries. Aluminum foil is widely used in packaging. Powdered aluminum is used in the paints and pyrotechnic industries. Alumina, emery, and corundum has been used for abrasives, refractories, and catalysts; and in the past in the first firing of china and pottery.

3.5 Purification Methods: Stir the oxide with hot 2M HNO3, either on a steam bath for 12hours (changing the acid every hour) or three times for 30minutes, then wash it with hot distilled water until the washings have pH 4, and follow by three washings with hot MeOH. The product is dried at 270o [Angyal & Young J Am Chem Soc 81 5251 1959]. For the preparation of alumina for chromatography see Chapter 1. [For , and Al2O3 see Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 822-823 1963 and Wagner in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol II p 1662 1965.]

3.6 Shipping: UN1309 Aluminum powder, coated, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN1383 Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s. or Pyrophoric alloys, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.2; Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, Technical Name Required. UN1396 Aluminum powder, uncoated, Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material. NA9260 (North America) Aluminum, molten, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material.

3.7 Usage: Alumina is a white crystalline substance that resembles salt. Approximately 90% of all alumina is used for making aluminum, with the remainder used for abrasives and ceramics.

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Symbol: GHS02, GHS07

4.1 Hazard Codes: Xi:;

4.1 Signal Word: Danger

4.1 Risk Statements: R36/37/38

4.1 Safety Statements: S24/25

4.1 Hazard Class: 8

4.1 Hazard Declaration: H225-H319-H336

4.1 RIDADR: UN 1950

4.1 Caution Statement: P210-P261-P305 + P351 + P338

4.1 WGK Germany: -

4.1 RTECS: BD1200000

4.1 Toxicity: Chronic inhalation of Al2O3 dusts may cause lung damage.

5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Not classified.

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)	No symbol.
Signal word	No signal word.
Hazard statement(s)	none
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention	none
Response	none
Storage	none
Disposal	none

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

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6. Other Information

6.0 Merck: 14,356

6.1 Chemical Properties: Vary according to the method of prepa- ration. White powder, balls, or lumps of various mesh.Insoluble in water, dif- ficultly soluble in mineral acids and strong alkali. Noncombustible.

6.2 Chemical Properties: Aluminum is a combustible, light, silverywhite, soft, ductile, malleable, amphoteric metal

6.3 Uses

As adsorbent, desiccant, abrasive,thickening and anti-caking agent;
As filler for paints and varnishes;
In manufacture of alloys,refractories, ceramic materials, electrical insulators and resistors, dental cements, glass, steel, artificial gems; in coatings for metals, etc.;
As catalyst for organic reactions.
As an insoluble carrier for mineral pigment, and is frequently mixed into mineral powder makeup. Because of its abrasive texture, many use these crystals to exfoliate and resurface the skin-particularly with Microdermabrasion.
As a chromotagraphic matrix; originally called Brockmann aluminum oxide when used for this purpose.
The minerals corundum (hardness = 9) and Alundum (obtained by fusing bauxite in an electric furnace) are used as abrasives and polishes;
In manufacture of cosmetic products like blush, powder foundation, lipstick and facial cleanser.

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6.4 Definition: The mineral corundum is natural aluminum oxide, and emery, ruby, and sapphire are impure crystalline varieties. The mixed mineral bauxite is a hydrated aluminum oxide.

6.5 Production Methods: Most of the aluminum oxide produced commercially is obtained by the calcination of aluminum hydroxide.

6.6 General Description: White odorless crystalline powder. Water insoluble. Properties (both physical and chemical) vary according to the method of preparation; different methods give different crystalline modifications. The variety formed at very high temperature is quite inert chemically.

6.7 Air & Water Reactions: Insoluble in water.

6.8 Reactivity Profile: Aluminum oxide is chemically amphoteric (behaves as a weak acid in the presence of base and as a weak base in the presence of acid). May act catalytically. May cause the exothermic polymerization of ethylene oxide. May cause the vigorous polymerization of vinyl chloride [MCA SD-75, 1970]. The degree of subdivision of the Aluminum oxide may affect the vigor of such reactions.

6.9 Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of dust. Confirmed car- cinogen.

6.10 Pharmaceutical Applications: Aluminum oxide is used mainly in tablet formulations.It is used for decoloring powders and is particularly widely used in antibiotic formulations. It is also used in suppositories, pessaries, and urethral inserts. Hydrated aluminum oxide is used in mordant dyeing to make lake pigments, in cosmetics, and therapeutically as an antacid.

6.11 Safety Profile: Suspected carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic and tumorigenic data by implantation. Inhalation of finely divided particles may cause lung damage (Shaver's disease). Exothermic reaction above 200℃ with halocarbon vapors produces toxic HCl and phosgene. See also ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS

6.12 Safety: Aluminum oxide is generally regarded as relatively nontoxic and nonirritant when used as an excipient. Inhalation of finely divided particles may cause lung damage (Shaver’s disease).

6.13 Potential Exposure: Most hazardous exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Aluminum is mostly produced by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Aluminum is alloyed with copper, zinc, silicon, magnesium, manganese, and nickel; special additives may include chromium, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, and vanadium. Aluminum and its alloys can be extruded or processed in rolling mills, wire works, forges, or foundries; and are used in the shipbuilding, electrical, building, aircraft, automobile, light engineering, and jewelry industries. Aluminum foil is widely used in packaging. Powdered aluminum is used in the paints and pyrotechnic industries. Alumina, emery, and corundum has been used for abrasives, refractories, and catalysts; and in the past in the first firing of china and pottery.

6.14 First aid: If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

6.15 storage: Aluminum oxide should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry, place. It is very hygroscopic.

6.16 Shipping: UN1309 Aluminum powder, coated, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN1383 Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s. or Pyrophoric alloys, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.2; Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, Technical Name Required. UN1396 Aluminum powder, uncoated, Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material. NA9260 (North America) Aluminum, molten, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material.

6.17 Purification Methods: Stir the oxide with hot 2M HNO3, either on a steam bath for 12hours (changing the acid every hour) or three times for 30minutes, then wash it with hot distilled water until the washings have pH 4, and follow by three washings with hot MeOH. The product is dried at 270o [Angyal & Young J Am Chem Soc 81 5251 1959]. For the preparation of alumina for chromatography see Chapter 1. [For , and Al2O3 see Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 822-823 1963 and Wagner in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol II p 1662 1965.]

6.18 Incompatibilities: Aluminum powder forms an explosive mixture with air and is a strong reducing agent that reacts violently with oxidizers, strong bases; strong acids; somehalogenated hydrocarbons; nitrates, sulfates, metal oxides and many other substances. Keep away from combustible materials.

6.19 Incompatibilities: Aluminum oxide should be kept well away from water. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers and chlorinated rubber. Aluminum oxide also reacts with chlorine trifluoride, ethylene oxide, sodium nitrate, and vinyl acetate. Exothermic reactions above 2008℃ with halocarbon vapors produce toxic hydrogen chloride and phosgene fumes.

6.20 Regulatory Status: Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral tablets and topical sponge). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK.

6.21 Usage: Aluminum oxide is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. It is used in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissues and in bushings, spindles, lapping, polishing, refractory coating for investment casting shells, decorative non-skid tile and pressure blasting. It is also used in varnishes, for textile impregnation, in cosmetics and as an intermediate in pharmaceutical production. It is a source of aluminum in various reactions. It is used as a catalyst in a variety of reactions such as the Claus process and in the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes and as a grinding or blending agent.

6.22 Usage: Aluminum oxide finds applications in catalyst support, chemical sensors, as an absorbent for gases and water vapors, manufacturing of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators and resistors, paper, crucibles, as chromatographic matrix, in fluxes, light bulbs and heat-resistant fiber. Heavy quantity of Aluminum oxide is used in the production of aluminum and a component of clay. It is also used as catalyst in hydrodesulfurization and in Ziegler-Natta polymerizations.

6.23 Usage: NanoDur^= aluminum oxide is designed for coatings where transparency is of utmost importance. NanoDur^= aluminum oxide is especially suited for incorporation into coating systems, greatly enhancing abrasion resistance with minimal effects on cla..Alumium oxide is widely used in a variety of plastics, rubber, ceramics and refractory products for reinforcement toughening. It is also useful to produce artificial ruby, sapphire and yttrium aluminum garnet. It is useful in the field of fiber fabric products and high pressure sodium lamps as far-infrared emission and thermal insulation materials. It plays an important role for the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

6.24 Usage: Effective in high temperature refractories as a stable binderAluminum oxide, 20% colloidal dispersion is used in dessicators, ceramics, coating materials and electrical insulators. It is an ingredient in sunscreen, and sometimes present in cosmetics such as blush, lipstick, and nail polish. Aluminum oxide is a catalyst in the claus process in hydro desulfurization and some Ziegler-Natta polymerizations. It is widely used as an abrasive, in the automotive industries, cosmetic industries and fiber materials. It is a medium for chromatography in some sodium vapor lamps. It is used in ultrafine acid side polishing slurries.

6.25 Usage: Aluminum oxide is used as an abrasive, dosimeter, filler of choice for plastics, ingredient in sunscreen and cosmetics. Aluminum oxide flakes are also used in paint for providing reflective decorative effects. In laboratories it is widely used as a medium for chromatographic purifications. It is used in the production of aluminum (Hall- Héroult process), alumina nanofibers, cutoff tools, and sandpaper. It serves as a catalyst for several reactions of industrial importance, including converting alcohols into alkenes, decomposing hydrazine, drying of gases, and converting hydrogen sulfide into sulfur in refineries (Claus Process). It is also used in integrated circuits, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), sodium vapor lamps, hip replacements, CD/DVD polishing, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), insulation devices, and as a support for many popular catalysts (for example, in Ziegler-Natta polymerizations).

6.26 Usage: It is essential in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissue. Aluminum oxide is a source of aluminum in reactions, an abrasive agent, and as a refractory material. Furthermore, Aluminum oxide has a relatively high thermal conductivity of 30 Wm-1K-1. Also Aluminum oxide can act as a catalyst in a variety of reactions such as the Claus process and in the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes. It is an inorganic compound used as a grinding or blending agent.

6.27 Usage: It finds applications in catalyst support, chemical sensors, as absorbent for gases and water vapors, manufacturing of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators and resistors, paper, crucibles, as chromatographic matrix, in fluxes, light bulbs, heat-resistant fiber. Heavy quantity of Aluminum oxide is used in the production of aluminum and a component of clays.

6.28 Usage: Aluminum oxide is used for the separation of both inorganic anions and acidic organic molecules such as acidic amino acids, aromatic acids and carboxylic acids. It is essential in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissues. It is also used as a grinding or blending agent. Aluminum oxide is a source of aluminum in reactions, an abrasive agent, and as a refractory material. Also Aluminum oxide can act as a catalyst in a variety of reactions such as the claus process and in the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes.

6.29 Usage: Provides protective high temperature Al{2}O{3} coating on ceramic, graphite, or metalAluminum oxide, Aerosol Refractory Brushable Paint is used as barrier layer between dissimilar materials to prevent reaction and interactions during high temperature. It also acts as a solvent-based paint. It also provides protective high temperature alumina coating on ceramic, graphite and metal.

6.30 Usage: Provides easy application of uniform, thin, protective high temperature Aluminum oxide coatings. Substrates can be ceramic, graphite or metal. Aluminum oxide is also widely used as an abrasive. In the paper-making process.

6.31 Usage: Aluminum oxide is widely used in a variety of plastics, rubber, ceramics, refractory products for reinforcement toughening. It is also useful to produce artificial ruby, sapphire, yttrium aluminum garnet. It is useful in the field of fiber fabric products and high pressure sodium lamp as far-infrared emission and thermal insulation materials. It is useful for the C single crystal detectors. It plays an important role for the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

6.32 Usage: Alumium oxide is widely used in a variety of plastics, rubber, ceramics, refractory products for reinforcement toughening. It is also useful to produce artificial ruby, sapphire, yttrium aluminum garnet. It is useful in the field of fiber fabric products and high pressure sodium lamp as far-infrared emission and thermal insulation materials. It is useful for the C single crystal detectors. It plays an important role for the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

6.33 Usage: It is used in stainless steel coating and in microwave applications. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, grinding or blending agent, abrasive agent and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. Industrial applications include electrical and electronic products, metal Products.

6.34 Usage: Aluminum oxide is an inorganic compound used as a grinding or blending agent. In addition, Aluminum oxide can be essential in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissues. Aluminum oxide is a source of aluminum in reactions, an abrasive agent, and as a refractory material. Also Aluminum oxide can act as a catalyst in a variety of reactions such as the Claus process and in the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes.

6.35 Usage: Aluminum oxide finds applications in catalyst support, chemical sensors, as absorbent for gases and water vapors, manufacturing of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators and resistors, paper, crucibles, as chromatographic matrix, in fluxes, light bulbs, heat-resistant fiber. Heavy quantity of aluminum oxide is used in the production of aluminum and a component of clay.

6.36 Usage: Aluminium oxide is used in dessicators ceramics, coating material and electrical insulators. It is an ingredient in sunscreen, sometimes present in cosmetics such as blush, lipstick, and nail polish. Aluminium oxide is the catalyst in the Claus process in hydro desulfurization and some Ziegler-Natta polymerizations. It is widely used as an abrasive, in the automotive industries, cosmetic industries and fiber materials.It is a medium for chromatography in some sodium vapor lamps.

6.37 Usage: Aluminum oxide is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. Used in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissues. Used in bushings, spindles, lapping, polishing, refractory coating for investment casting shells, decorative non-skid tile, and pressure blasting. It is also used in varnishes, for textile impregnation, in cosmetics and as an intermediate in pharmaceutical production.

6.38 Usage: Manufacturing of high strength ceramic membranes, ultrafiltration, removal of trace (ppb) organic pollutants from water, sintering aids for ceramics

6.39 Usage: Used in dry filling for thermal insulation of electrical furnaces.Aluminum oxide finds applications in catalyst support, chemical sensors, as absorbent for gases and water vapors, manufacturing of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators and resistors, paper, crucibles, as chromatographic matrix, in fluxes, light bulbs, heat-resistant fiber. Heavy quantity of aluminum oxide is used in the production of aluminum and a component of clays.

6.40 Usage: Used in dry filling for thermal insulation of electrical furnaces.

6.41 Usage: Aluminium oxide, is useful to produce aluminium metal. It has many uses in pharmaceutical and industrial manufacturing processes as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements, available in toothpaste, as a dispersing agent food additive, and for uses in hemodialysis. Tailored aluminium oxide layers plays an important role for the bipolar current adjustment in the plasma electrolytic oxidation process. Red phosphorus/aluminium oxide composites play an essential role as flame retardants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate).

6.42 Usage: Aluminum oxide finds use as catalyst in organic synthesis and chromatography. It is used as an ingredient in sunscreen lotions and paints. It is also used in the manufacture of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, filler for plastics, dosimeter, spark plug insulators, and electrical insulators. Aluminum oxide is used widely to produce aluminum metal.

6.43 Usage: Aluminum oxide is used in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissues. It is also used as a grinding or blending agent. It can act as a catalyst in a variety of reactions such as the Claus process. It is used in the production of aluminum, manufacture of abrasives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators.

6.44 Usage: Aluminum oxide water borne dispersion suitable for incorporation in water compatible coatings.

6.45 Usage: Aluminum oxide dispersed in mineral spirits suitable for incorporation in non-polar organic based coatings and formulations where high transparency is important

6.46 Usage: Water borne aluminum oxide dispersion suitable for incorporation in water compatible coatings. The 20 nm average particle size alumina provides the maximum in optical clarity.

6.47 Usage: Aluminum oxide dispersed in mineral spirits suitable for incorporation in non-polar organic based coatings and formulations

6.48 Usage: Aluminum oxide water borne dispersion suitable for use in ultrafine acid side polishing slurries. Tight particle size distribution intended for applications where both high removal rate and good surface finish are required

6.49 Usage: Aluminum oxide water borne dispersion suitable for use in ultrafine acid side polishing slurries

6.50 Usage: Polishing compound for IR crystal windows

6.51 Usage: Aluminum oxide is used as a grinding or blending agent. It is essential in protein extraction as a component in the preparation of tissues. It is a source of aluminum in reactions, an abrasive agent and as a refractory material. It can act as a catalyst in a variety of reactions such as the Claus process and in the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes. It is a common substrate for III-V nitrides as well as many other epitaxial films.

6.52 Description: The oxide of aluminum is Al2O3. The natural crystalline mineral is called corundum, but the synthetic crystals used for abrasives are designated usually as aluminum oxide or marketed under trade names. For other uses and as a powder, it is generally called alumina. It is widely distributed in nature in combination with silica and other minerals and is an important constituent of the clays for making porcelain, bricks, pottery, and refractories.

The crushed and graded crystals of alumina when pure are nearly colorless, but the fine powder is white. Off colors are due to impurities. American aluminum oxide used for abrasives is at least 99.5% pure, in nearly colorless crystals melting at 2050°C. The chief uses for alumina are for the production of aluminum metal and for abrasives, but it is also used for ceramics, refractories, pigments, catalyst carriers, and in chemicals.
Aluminum oxide crystals are normally hexagonal and are minute in size. For abrasives, the grain sizes are usually from 100 to 600 mesh. The larger grain sizes are made up of many crystals, unlike the single-crystal large grains of SiC. The specific gravity is about 3.95, and a hardness is up to 2000 Knoop.
There are two kinds of ultrafine alumina abrasive powder. Type A is alpha alumina with hexagonal crystals with particle size of 0.3 μm, density 4.0, and hardness 9 Mohs, and type B is gamma alumina with cubic crystals with particle size under 0.1 μm, specific gravity of 3.6, and a hardness 8. Type A cuts faster, but type B gives a finer finish. At high temperatures, gamma alumina transforms to the alpha crystal. The aluminum oxide most frequently used for refractories is the beta alumina and hexagonal crystals heat-stabilized with sodium.
Activated alumina is partly dehydrated alumina trihydrate, which has a strong affinity for moisture or gases and is used for dehydrating organic solvents, and hydrated alumina is alumina trihydrate.; View all

6.53 History: The hexagonally closest packed α-Al2O3 modification is the only stable oxide in the Al2O3 –H2O system. Corundum is a common mineral in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Red and blue varieties of gem quality are called ruby and sapphire, respectively. The lattice of corundum is composed of hexagonally closest packed oxygen ions forming layers parallel to the (0001) plane. Only two-thirds of the octahedral interstices are occupied by aluminum ions. The structure may be described roughly as consisting of alternating layers of Al and O ions. The corundum structurewas determined in the early 1920s .

6.54 Physical properties

Regular aluminum oxide is white and has a chemical composition of approximately 95 % Al2O3, 1.5 % SiO2, less than 0.5 % Fe2O3, and 3 % TiO2. Because of very slow cooling in the Higgins furnace, the crystals of alumina are coarse, averaging 10 – 15mm in diameter.

6.55 Uses: Aluminum Oxide (Alumina) is the most widely used oxide, chiefly because it is plentiful, relatively low in cost, and equal to or better than most oxides in mechanical properties. Density can be varied over a wide range, as can purity-down to about 90% alumina-to meet specific application requirements. Alumina ceramics are the hardest, strongest, and stiffest of the oxides. They are also outstanding and with electrical resistivity and dielectric strength, are resistant to a wide variety of chemicals, and are unaffected by air, water vapor, and sulfurous atmospheres. However, with a melting point of only 2039°C, they are relatively low in refractoriness and at 1371°C retain only about 10% of room-temperature strength. In addition to its wide use as electrical insulators and its chemical and aerospace applications, the high hardness and close dimensional tolerance capability of alumina make this ceramic suitable for such abrasion-resistant parts as textile guides, pump plungers, chute linings, discharge orifices, dies, and bearings.; View all

6.56 Industrial Manufacture: Monocrystalline aluminum oxide is a very high purity abrasive, produced directly from bauxite in a single-stage fusion . The preferred method employs a furnace feed consisting of bauxite, pyrite (FeS2) or sulfur, carbon, and iron borings. When subjected to fusion in the Higgins batch furnace, two immiscible liquids are formed as with regular aluminum oxide. However, in the present case very slowcooling of the upper liquid results in essentially pure, individual crystals of Al2O3 in a matrix of sulfides. After the pig has cooled and been crushed, the matrix is removed chemically and mechanically. This treatment releases alumina crystals in the range of sizes required by the industry.

6.57 Description: Aluminum(III) oxide is also called aluminum oxide. In mineral form it is called corundum and is referred to as alumina in conjunction with mining and aluminum industries. Alumina exists in hydrated forms as alumina monohydrate, Al₂O₃?H₂O and alumina trihydrate Al₂O₃?3H₂O. The geologic source of aluminum is the rock bauxite, which has a high percentage of hydrated aluminum oxide. The main minerals in bauxite are gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), diaspore (AlO(OH)), and boehmite (AlO(OH).

6.58 Chemical Properties: Aluminum is a combustible, light, silverywhite, soft, ductile, malleable, amphoteric metal.Vary according to the method of preparation. White powder, balls, or lumps of various mesh.Insoluble in water, dif- ficultly soluble in mineral acids and strong alkali. Noncombustible.

6.59 Physical properties: Al2O3 Colorless hexagonal crystal; refractive index 1.768; density 3.965 g/cm3 (at 25°C); mp 2072°C; bp 2980°C; insoluble in water α-Al2O3 Colorless rhombic crystal; mp between 2005 to 2025°C ; density 4.022 g/m3 ; hardness 9Moh γ-Al2O3 white microscopic crystal Al2O3?H2O colorless rhombic crystal; refractive index 1.624; density 3.014 g/cm3 Al2O3?3H2O white monoclinic crystal; refractive index 1.577; density 2.420 g/cm3 All forms are insoluble in water.

6.60 Occurrence: Occurs in nature in abundance; the principal forms are bauxites and laterites. The mineral corundum is used to produce precious gems, such as ruby and sapphire. Activated aluminas are used extensively as adsorbents because of their affinity for water and other polar molecules; and as catalysts because of their large surface area and appropriate pore sturcture. As adsorbents, they are used for drying gases and liquids; and in adsorption chromatography. Catalytic properties may be attributed to the presence of surface active sites (primarily OH^- , ^O2- , and Al³⁺ ions). Such catalytic applications include sulfur recovery from H₂S (Clauss catalysis); dehydration of alcohols, isomerization of olefins; and as a catalyst support in petroleum refining.

6.61 Characteristics: Aluminum Oxide (Alumina) is the most widely used oxide, chiefly because it is plentiful, relatively low in cost, and equal to or better than most oxides in mechanical properties. Density can be varied over a wide range, as can purity — down to about 90% alumina — to meet specific application requirements. Alumina ceramics are the hardest, strongest, and stiffest of the oxides. They are also outstanding in electrical resistivity, dielectric strength, are resistant to a wide variety of chemicals, and are unaffected by air, water vapor, and sulfurous atmospheres. However, with a melting point of only 2039°C, they are relatively low in refractoriness, and at 1371°C retain only about 10% of room-temperature strength. In addition to its wide use as electrical insulators and its chemical and aerospace applications, the high hardness and close dimensional tolerance capability of alumina make this ceramic suitable for such abrasion-resistant parts as textile guides, pump plungers, chute linings, discharge orifices, dies, and bearings.; View all

6.62 Uses: Aluminum oxide is known as the mineral bauxite. Its main use is for the production of aluminum metal by electrolysis. It is also used in many other chemical reactions.

6.63 Production Methods: The Bayer process begins by grinding the bauxite and mixing it with sodium hydroxide in a digester. The sodium hydroxide dissolves aluminum oxide components to produce aluminum hydroxide compounds. For gibbsite, the reaction is: Al(OH)₃ + NaOH → Al(OH)₄^- + Na⁺. Insoluble impurities such as silicates, titanium oxides, and iron oxides are removed from the solution while sodium hydroxide is recovered and recycled. Reaction conditions are then modified so that aluminum trihydroxide (Al(OH)₃) precipitates out. The reaction can be represented as the reverse of the previous reaction: Al(OH)₄^- + Na⁺ → Al(OH)₃ + NaOH. Aluminum trihydroxide is calcined to drive off water to produce alumina:
Al(OH)₃ Al₂O₃ + 3H₂O.

6.64 Health Hazard: The aluminas are considered to be nuisance dusts; their role in fibrogenic lung disease remains unclear.
Assessment of the toxicity of aluminas has been complicated by the chemical and physical variants of the compounds and inconsistencies in the nomenclature used to describe them.1 The group of compounds referred to as aluminas is composed of various structural forms of aluminum oxide, trihydroxide, and oxyhydroxide. 2 As these aluminas are heated, dehydration occurs, producing a variety of transitional forms; temperatures between 200 and 500°C result in low-temperature-range transitional aluminas characterized by increased catalytic activity and larger surface area.(Transitional aluminas include c, h, and g forms, which, taken together, were formerly termed “g.”)

6.65 Industrial uses: Fused aluminum oxide was the second synthetic abrasive to be developed. Synthetic aluminum oxide (alumina) is made as a white powder and can be somewhat harder than corundum (natural alumina) because of its purity. However, corundum has a Mohs hardness of approximately 9 (on a scale of 1 to 10. Alumina can be processed with different properties by slight alteration of the reactants in the manufacturing process. Several grain sizes of alumina are available, and alumina has largely replaced emery for several abrasive uses. Aluminum oxide is widely used to make bonded abrasives, coated abrasives, and air-propelled grit abrasives for dental applications.
Sintered aluminum oxide is used to make white stones, which are popular for adjusting dental enamel and finishing metal alloys, resin-based composites, and ceramic materials.
Pink and ruby variations of aluminum oxide abrasives are made by adding chromium compounds to the original melt. These variations are sold in a vitreous-bonded form as noncontaminating mounted stones for the preparation of metal– ceramic alloys to receive porcelain. Remnants of these abrasives and other debris should be removed from the surface of metals used for metal–ceramic bonding so as not to prevent optimal bonding of porcelain to the metal alloy. A review by Yamamoto (see Selected Reading) suggests that carbide burs are the most effective instruments for finishing this type of alloy because they do not contaminate the metal surface with entrapped abrasive particles.; View all

6.66 Safety: Aluminum oxide is generally regarded as relatively nontoxic and nonirritant when used as an excipient. Inhalation of finely divided particles may cause lung damage (Shaver's disease).
HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ALUMINIUM, ALUMINIUM OXIDE, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE

6.67 Flammability and Explosibility: Notclassified

7. Computational chemical data

Molecular Weight: 101.961276g/mol
Molecular Formula: Al₂O₃
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: null
Exact Mass: 101.947821
Monoisotopic Mass: 101.947821
Complexity: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 5
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADcQAAMAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==

8. Question & Answer

What is Activated Aluminum Oxide? Sep 10 2024
Activated Aluminum Oxide, also known as activated alumina, is a highly porous or granular form of aluminum oxide that has the ability to absorb gases, vapors, specific liquids, and moisture. Characte..
What are the properties, uses, and safety considerations of aluminum oxide? May 22 2024
Description Aluminum oxide, known as alumina with the chemical formula Al2O3, is an amphoteric oxide commonly referred to as alumina. It is found in nature and used in various industries. Corundum is ..
What are the Applications, Synthesis, and Safety Considerations of Aluminum Oxide? Nov 26 2023
Introduction Aluminum oxide, also known as alumina, is a chemical compound made up of aluminum and oxygen with the formula Al2O3. It is a common compound in the Earth's crust and has various industria..
1. Introduction: Sep 04 2023
Aluminum oxide (Aluminum Oxide, abbreviated as Al2O3) is a common inorganic compound widely used in the fields of materials, electronics, and chemical industry. This article will introduce the product..

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